00:00 Hello everyone. I'm Mrs. Olabimpe Ayoko. I'm here to teach SS 3 chemistry and the topic is

00:20 Metals and its compounds. So at the end of this lesson, everybody is expected to be able to

00:26 define Metals with examples. The friendship between Metas and no Metals, using physical characteristics

00:33 and to lease the method of extraction of Metas. Metals and their compounds. So let's

00:42 cause a might back to pre-addictable under the topic of pre-addicity. Remember group 1 or 2,

00:49 their Metas and 3. Group 1, very strong Metals. Group 2, not as metallic as Group 1, also Group 3.

00:57 Then we have no Metals. That's the other one painted in the yellow. We have transition elements.

01:03 For this course, we just be treating the first transition elements. And that is just the element

01:09 between Group 2 and the 3. So remember, their groups are from top to bottom. Why the periods from

01:18 right to left. So Group 1, 2, and 3, they are very strong Metas. So what are Metas? Metas are elements,

01:29 their atoms of which tend to lose their electrons. They surely have less than 4 electrons in their

01:35 uttermost shell, tend to lose their electrons. For example, we have sodium and Meta,

01:41 are you nicely by losing electrons to form sodium ion. So the ability to lose electron and become

01:48 positively charged makes a Meta. So we have once, we just want charge, that's Group 1 elements,

01:57 all of them will lose one electron to become positively charged. Group 2 elements will lose

02:03 2 electrons. For example, Magnesium minus 2 electrons to give you Mg to close. So they can

02:12 easily lose their electrons on like no Metas. So they usually have less than 4 electrons in their

02:20 uttermost shell. Remember that the octet is completed by 8 electrons in uttermost shell.

02:27 Meaning first shell takes 2. Second, it's the next one, 1. But the relationship which

02:34 is the last shell for Metas must have maybe 1, 2. For example,

02:58 this is sodium atom. So for Meta, they can have extra valence electron one or they can have 2

03:04 valence electron or 3, but they can have 4. So this one now, they can easily lose one to become Meta,

03:12 can easily lose 2. The atom can lose 3 to become Meta, Metallic ion rather. So they are good

03:19 conductors of heat and electricity. Metas have high tensile densities and high strength. They are

03:27 malleable. Doctorie, malleable, they can be beaten to shifts. Doctorie, you can draw them,

03:32 lost strokes, right? And also sonarose, that is when you beat them, they make sound, which

03:38 exception of sodium and potassium. So all are solids except mercury. You know, we use mercury

03:45 for mercury in glass. Thermometallitis liquid. So the odds of Metas are basic. What are the odds

03:54 of Meta? That is when Metas reacts with water, they are basic odds. So like I told you earlier,

04:00 they lose electrons to become positively charged. Sodium, losing one electron, copper

04:06 loses 2 electrons and aluminum. Here, lost 3 electrons to become aluminum ion. So they found

04:15 very stable hydrase, which are ionic. They all form electromagnetic chlorides. When we say

04:22 stable hydrase, hydrase are formed when an atom reacts with hydrogen. And in this case now,

04:28 sodium and hydrogen. Because sodium is more metallic than hydrogen. So hydrogen helps to be negative

04:35 and sodium-positive. Because when electromagnetic compounds are formed, that means they have strong

04:40 electrostatic bond. So compared with no Metas, that is on their physical properties. We want to

04:48 compare the physical properties of Metas and no Metas. Number one, conductivity. Metas are good

04:56 conductors of heat and electricity. Because they have three pi electrons that can always slide

05:02 over each other. Why no Metas are bad conductors of heat and electricity? Though they have the

05:09 disadvantages and disadvantages. Even these no Metas. So Metas are more level and doctor.

05:16 More level, we compete into shape. We can be drawn. Why no Metas are breached with the break easily.

05:22 The Metas have metallic Closter and hence can be polished. When you polish it, it has this shining

05:29 appearance. Why no Metas? Loster with no metallic Closter for no Metas with the exception of graphite

05:37 and we want to know that graphite is a crystalline allotrop of carbon. So graphite has

05:43 characteristics of Metas because it conducts electricity due towards the pi electrons that can

05:50 easily slide over each other. So now let's compare the characteristics of Metas with no Metas

05:57 using the physical properties. Number one, conductivity. Metas are good conductors of heat and

06:04 electricity. No wonder we use them for copper wires for electricity wires. Why no Metas are bad

06:13 conductors of heat and electricity. Though we use them as insulators even to copper our Meta. For

06:20 example, our electric wires. We use no Meta so that when you touch them, you don't be electrical

06:26 to it. Number two, Metas are malleable and ductile. Malleable you can draw them into shapes and they

06:33 can be drawn. Why no Metas are breached with the break easily. Metas have high metallic Closter and

06:40 hence can be polished. Why no Metas have low metallic Closter with exception of graphites.

06:48 Graphite is a crystalline allotrop of carbon. You know graphites and that amount. They are the

06:57 crystalline allotrop of carbon. So graphite behaves like Metas because of the free pi electrons that

07:04 can easily slide over each other. So graphite conducts electricity. Their Metas have high tensile

07:12 strengths. Why no Metas are very low tensile strengths. Metas have high densities with few

07:20 exceptions that you get to know as you proceed in the course. Why no Metas they have low densities.

07:26 Metas have high melting points with few exceptions, exceptions like sodium and potassium.

07:34 Why no Metas they have low melting points with exception of carbon and silicon. And this can be

07:42 explained because no Metas they have covalent bonds. Why Metas have a unit or a covalent bond.

07:50 So the chemical comparison now. The one we discussed earlier is the physical properties.

07:57 Now chemical properties of Metas and no Metas. For Metas, Metas form basic OZIs.

08:04 Which if soluble in water? To form Acalis. That is this basic OZIs. This is of the Metas in water to

08:13 form Acalis. Water Acalis. Acalis are soluble hydroxide. So firstly for potassium. When potassium

08:20 reacts with oxygen gas of the air that's thin. It gives you potassium OZI which is basic OZI.

08:27 Basically because this reaction of Meta with an OZI. So when that's basic OZI. Now that potassium OZI

08:35 dissolves in water. It gives us potassium hydroxide which is an acali and acali is a soluble

08:41 hydroxide. Why for no Meta? They form mostly acidic OZI or acid and hydride which dissolves in water

08:49 to form acids. What are hydrides? A hydrides are the OZI of no Meta. Which when dissolving water

08:57 forms acid. For example, if you have CO2 which is an OZI of a no Meta. This is an hydride.

09:07 All OZI of no Metas are referred to as what? As a hydride. For example, we have

09:17 CO2. This is a hydride, SO2, a hydride and when they dissolve in water. These are acidic OZI.

09:29 Acid because they will tone blue, it won't separate. Why basic OZI? We turn red, it wants blue.

09:37 So when you relax it, it's one of the processes of preparing acid. When dissolve it in water,

09:44 it gives you H2 CO3, which is a weak acid, carbonic acid, which is formed when reinforced.

09:50 When the length of the atmosphere combines, when the length falls from the atmosphere, it combines

09:56 with carbon falls out of the atmosphere. So for this one, which is also carbonic acid,

10:03 a weak acid. Why this one also reacts with water? So give you H2 SO3. So still we have

10:13 SO3 also, which is an hydride, can still react with water. So give you H2 SO4. This is our tetraousal surfaces acid.

10:24 So that's that about an hydride. Also another criterion. Metas are both hydrogen in ECS

10:34 replace it from dilute acids. What is ECS? ECS is electrochemical series. That's the arrangement

10:42 of metas in order of their reactivities. The most reactive ones are on top of the series,

10:48 followed by the modestly reactive and the least reactive down. So the most reactive ones

10:54 will displace the less reactive ones from acid solution. As we can see in this case,

11:00 we have reaction of zinc solids plus tetraousal surfaces acid acous. We have the zinc because

11:06 it's higher in the series than hydrogen. Displace in hydrogen. Therefore for me, zinc tetraous

11:12 surfaces acid plus hydrogen gas. Whereas nonmetas, they form stable hydrace. Which are covalence?

11:22 What am I talking about? For nonmetas now, they react covalently with nonmeta now to form hydrace.

11:30 After you earlier, the reaction of hydrogen with metas or nonmetas is known as hydrace. So when

11:37 hydrace with nonmeta, they form covalent compounds. Examples are ammonia. We have methane stage 4.

11:45 We have hydrogen chlorides. HCR. We have hydrogen bromide, HBR, etc. They are covalently formed.

11:56 Then for metas, we have chlorides of metas. They are good words, electrolytes. What are electrolytes?

12:02 Electrolides are compounds in solution or in both form. They allow electricity to pass through

12:09 them and are decomposed in the process into positive and negative ions. So because chlorides now

12:16 allow that they are good electrolytes because you can use them for electrolysis. Whereas chlorides

12:22 of nonmetas are non electrolytes. They cannot be broken down. Remember, it's the ions that conduct

12:28 electricity. So covalent compounds cannot be broken down into positive and negative ions.

12:34 Thereby, they are bad conductors of electricity making them non-electrolytes.

12:43 So this leadership is a new topic. Principles of extraction of metas.

12:50 How are metas extracted? What are the principles behind the extraction?

12:56 Electrolitic reduction. Metas like potassium sodium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum.

13:08 High in the electrochemical series, like I told you earlier, are highly electrovalent compounds,

13:13 which are very stable and difficult to reduce chemically. So the process of extraction is about

13:23 reduction. Remember, these metas are available and across in form of their oils. So we have to extract

13:31 them to get the pure meta from them. So it is a reduction process. You have to reduce the oil

13:37 to get the meta. So we have different processes by which this reduction can be carried out.

13:42 It can be carried out through electrolysis depending on how stable the oil is. For the very

13:48 reactive metas like potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, they are extracted

13:55 through the process of electrolysis. During electrolysis, metallic ions undergo cathodic

14:03 reduction by gaining electrons, vibrating free meta. Why non-metallic ions undergo anodic

14:11 oxidation by lots of electrons, vibrating free non-meta? Remember that oxidation is the process

14:19 of electron loss. Why reduction is the process of electron gain? So for cathode now, cathode we give

14:27 a electron that is needed for the reduction process. And remember, redox. Redox means

14:32 oxidation and reduction take place simultaneously. There can be reduction without oxidation.

14:38 Since oxidation is the process of electron loss, the electron that is lost through the anode

14:44 because oxidation takes place at the anode comes to the cathode. That is the electron that is used

14:50 for cathodic reduction. For example, for electrolysis of pure bobsite, aluminum is obtained free

15:07 nature in this form as a bobsite. If you have it like aluminum, aluminum oxide as it is like this,

15:20 so of course when it breaks down, it gives you AL3 plus plus 3O2 minus. We have three atoms of this.

15:30 So to balance the equation, you can put two here now. So for a cathode now, the reaction that

15:36 cathode, cathode is negative pole by which electrons enter the electrolyte. Remember that

15:45 light charges repair on light charges at charts. So positive ions will come to cathode. No wonder why

15:51 the aluminum is at cathode. So I remember cathode is the process of electron gain. So it will gain CC

15:57 electron. It will now turn to aluminum matter. So we've gotten our elements. So at anode, where

16:05 reduction takes place, remember anode is positive electrode. So for anode, there's loss of electron.

16:13 So we have three O2, this other one now. Two ions now, minus CC electron, because three times two

16:23 is CC, we have CC electron. So give you, you can always remember that oxygen is the atomic.

16:29 Meaning the oxygen is the gas. All gases are the atomic. They can assist as an atom except as a molecule.

16:35 So writing it this way is as good as writing three atoms of oxygen because these two

16:40 will eventually consume these two. So that's our elementary aluminum.

16:45 Chemical reduction of others. Remember this is another method now of extraction. The first one,

16:55 this one, we just finished now, is true electrolysis. And I told you, electrolysis is carried out

17:02 with methods that are very, very reactive. And MIY, electrolysis method of extraction is very,

17:11 very expensive. So this one is preferred, preferred to that one, except that the very reactive

17:18 methods, you can't both carry out electrolysis on them. So reduction of others. The less

17:25 electro-positive methods like zinc, ion, tina, copper that are low in the ECS. They are moderately

17:32 reactive and from others, which can be reduced by coke or carbon two or that. When we say coke,

17:40 coke is a form of carbon. Carbon assist as a coke and carbon is a reducing agent. So we have

17:49 ion oxide. Ion two or that now reacting with carbon two or that to give you ion meter plus carbon

17:57 four or that. This is a reduction process. Carbon two or that is a reducing agent. It reduces

18:03 ion three or that to elemental ion and carbon four or that.

18:08 The reduction of suffice. Remember the

18:14 oxide can be reduced and now the suffice, the ones that assist in form of suffice.

18:20 So the suffice of zinc, that zinc suffice, copper, copper suffice, lead to suffice,

18:27 zinc, zinc suffice and ion are first converted to their

18:31 Ozzides by roasting. How do you roast them? By reacting them with oxygen of the A.

18:36 So the Ozzides are then heated with coke. Remember coke is a reducing agent, which combines

18:43 with the Ozzides. Ozzides ion to release the electrons necessary for reduction of the matter.

18:50 What am I talking about? So carbon of the A, carbon that reacts with the oxygen gives us

18:56 CO which is carbon two or that plus two electrons. So it is these two electrons now that

19:02 will be giving to the matter. For example, if you have something like this, I'll show you if it's

19:07 sulfide. For example, zinc sulfide. When zinc sulfide now, when you react it,

19:19 maybe you react it with oxygen of the A. I said the sulfide, which is this one first

19:26 converted to their Ozzides. So when you react with oxygen, you have zinc Ozzides, maybe O2 now,

19:33 to give you ZNO plus SO2. So you now have carbon that reacts with oxygen to give you

19:43 this extra two electron. So the extra two electron now, we now react with that matter. M2 plus

19:50 refers to this ZN. That will now be ZN2 plus plus two electrons that is

19:57 gotten from that reducing region plus two here to give you what ZN matter. Remember anything that

20:06 gives you positive charge, matters of metallic atoms. They do what are your nights by lots of

20:12 electrons to become positively charged. So that means two electrons is gone, this one. So the two

20:17 is replaced now to give you the free elementary zinc. Evolution, so we stop here for today. So you

20:28 should be able to answer these questions. Number one, explain the term matters with two examples.

20:35 All right, so an equation to show how a matter can lose electron or electrons to become

20:42 positively charged. Then question three, all the two headings, differentiates between matter

20:49 and no matter using their physical properties. Thanks for watching. My name is Labin Periocomyces.

20:58 See next time.