00:00 Good as students, this is M&M Dijon, a particular zone of physics, but a topic electric field.

00:17 Now electric field, we will talk about the electric cell.

00:24 Electric cell is a device used to supply electric energy.

00:30 We have two types of cells, we have the primary cell and the secondary cell.

00:36 Now, the primary cells are cells whose chemical reactions are irreversible.

00:42 That is, they can be recharged.

00:47 They cannot be recharged.

00:49 And examples of it is Daniel C. and Le Quante's cell.

00:53 Now, we have the secondary cell, these are cell whose chemical reactions are irreversible.

01:01 And that's why they are being recharged.

01:04 Examples of it are lead acid and alkaline accumulator.

01:12 Now, we'll talk about electromagnetic force, which is called EMF.

01:17 We said, this can be defined as the total work done in moving a unit charge around the entire circuit.

01:25 It is measured in volts.

01:27 It is arranged in two ways, which is what the cities are in parallel.

01:35 Now, the cities form, we are told that what they are joined end to end.

01:39 That is, we have it to be like this.

01:44 They are joined end to end, which will have the positive, we have the negative, we have the positive and we have the negative.

02:03 Now, we are told that parallel, these are the cell that are arranged side by side.

02:09 That is, we have it to be like this.

02:13 This is the cell, this is another cell, and this is another cell.

02:26 We have our EMF here, we have our EMF, we have our EMF, we also have EMF here, we also have the EMF, these seeds.

02:38 Now, we'll talk about current electricity.

02:42 Current electricity, now we'll talk about the terminology on that current electricity.

02:48 We have the first one, electric current.

02:50 It is the rich, a switch charge are transported.

02:54 We have the I is equal to the charge over the time, which we have Q is equal to Q is equal to IT, where Q is the charge, I is the current and T is the time.

03:11 Current is Kila-Wantiti, and it is measured in Ampe, current is measured in Ampe.

03:22 Alright, Ameta, we said Ameta is a device used to measure the currents, and it's an ID, Ameta must have negligible resistance.

03:34 It must be connected in series to the circuits. We have the potential difference, which is also called the voltage, and it is defined as a work done in moving a unit charge from one point to another.

03:48 We have the resistance, this can be defined as the ability for a material to convert electric energy to heat energy.

03:57 It is measured, it is measured of opposition to the flow of current, around the circuit, and it is measured in OMS, measured in OMS, with a symbol like this, OMS.

04:14 Now, we have the EMF of the cell, we said, we are told that EMF of the cell is a total energy, which a current flows through the internal resistance of the cell, and external resistance of the circuit.

04:26 We have these, we have the EMF, EMF, is equals to the current of opposition to the internal resistance plus current of opposition to the external resistance, which is what B-R, we have EMF, is equals to I into brackets R plus B-R.

04:53 Now, this is for the EMF. Now, this is called about the lost vood, this can be defined as the potential difference across the internal resistance of the cell, which you have these two words, EMF, that is the lost vood, as these, which is equal to I, small R, as the lost vood, this is called the lost vood.

05:20 Now, arrangements of resistors, resistors can be arranged in two forms, we have the series arrangements, we have the parallel arrangements.

05:39 Now, under the series arrangement, this is arranged with the diagram like this, we have this, one, we have this, two.

05:55 Now, for the series arrangements to hold, we are told that we have equal amount of current that flows through them, the current of flows through this place is equal to the current of flows through this place, so we have equal amount of current that flows through this.

06:08 B, we have told that one, the total voltage is equal to the sound of the potential difference across each, which you have that was, the V-total is equal to V1 plus V2 plus V3 and so on.

06:28 Now, the current, we have I-total is equal to I1, is equal to I2, is equal to I3.

06:42 Now, we have those words, we have R-total is equal to R1 plus R2, that is how to get the total resistance

06:56 when we are told for series arrangements R1, R2 plus R1 plus R2, or we can have this R2 plus R1 plus R2 plus Rn and so on and so forth.

07:19 We have the parallel arrangements, these are the arrangements that are arranged side by side.

07:26 Now, we have the diagram to be like this, like this, with the cell on it, we have power 1, we have power 2, we have power 3 and we are told that the total current is equal to the sum of the current in the resistor.

07:56 That means, we have I-total is equal to I1 plus I2 plus I3 and so on and so on.

08:08 There are many of it, we are told that they have equal potential difference, that is, we have V-total is equal to V1, is equal to V2, is equal to V3 and so on.

08:21 Now, we have the resistor to go, 1 over R-total is equal to 1 over R1 plus 1 over R2 plus 1 over R3.

08:36 Now, this is a way to solve for the parallel resistance.

08:47 We have principal potential meter. Now, this is a device that is prepared to measure potential difference.

08:53 It is apparatus commonly used to measure and or to compare the EMF to compare EMF.

09:02 It can also be what to compare the resistance to measure resistance.

09:06 You can use to measure resistance. I also can use to compare the EMF of the cell.

09:12 Now, we have the resistivity and conductivity. Now, under the resistivity, we are told that this is a material that is used to measure the opposition or the flow of current around the material.

09:28 Now, the factors that affect resistivity, we have one. We have the length, which is the resistance, is proportional to the length, which is what's L.

09:43 And the next one, we have the area, that means the resistance is inversely proportional to the area.

09:52 Now, also, we are also told that temperature can also affect the resistivity.

09:59 That means the increase in temperature will also increase the resistivity.

10:04 The increase in the length will also increase the resistivity and the increase in the length, increase in the resistance will bring a decrease in the area and vice-versa.

10:20 We also have nature of the material. Nature of the material is a free electron on the surface of the material.

10:26 We affect the resistance of such material.

10:31 Now, we have this from the resistivity. We have resistivity is direct proportional to the length and inversely proportional to the area.

10:46 That is, we have this, by removing this proportionality sign, we have, which is equal towards, we have called the rule L-A.

10:57 Now, from here, we have R-A is equal to R-L and R-U is equal to R-A over L.

11:10 Now, this is the resistivity, and it is measured in UMS meter.

11:17 So, for we to get the resistivity, we have the resistance multiplied by the area over the length.

11:27 Now, the conductivity is the resistivity of the resistivity. That is, we have the conductivity, to be like this, to go where true is the resistivity, which will give us our length, K-L-C, times what?

11:46 One over the resistivity, which will give us that this is equal to what?

11:56 One over the resistivity that we have here is what? R-A over L. That is L can come towards this side.

12:07 We have that as what? Resistivity is equal to what? Politivity is equal to what? Length over R-A.

12:18 It is measured in UMS. All right, that is for the conductivity.

12:34 Now, we have electric field. Now, on electricity, we are told that electric field is a region where forces are being experienced,

12:47 where electrical forces are being experienced. Now, we are concerned of charges.

12:53 Now, we are told for a body to be positively charged, the body has to have S-S, positive in it, and less amount of negative.

13:02 Likewise, when we talk about the negativity, we are told that the body is said to be negative when it has S-S amount of negative, and less amount of positive.

13:11 Now, a body is said to be neutral when it has equal amount of positive and equal amount of negative.

13:17 The thought of charging a body, we have three methods of charging a body, we have charge it by content, charge it by friction, and charge it by induction.

13:27 Now, charging by content, a body is said to be charged, charge body when it is what?

13:33 When a charge body is brought close to a charge body, and these two bodies are turned out, or the charge body is being transferred to a charge body, and this body becomes equal.

13:46 Now, charging by friction, for a body to be charged negatively, we are told that charge body can be produced by rubbing an ebonitroid with a foil.

13:56 Now, for a little charge, a positive body, you said, a body can be charged when produced by rubbing a glass with a sink, you can produce a positive charge body.

14:08 Now, for a little charge, a body by induction, sorry, we are forced there for this body to be charged.

14:16 The force, we have a body to be this, a body is this, we have this body, we have positive, we have negative, we have positive, we have negative, we have positive, we have negative, we have positive, we have negative.

14:36 Now, this is a charge body that comprises of what? The positive and the negative charge.

14:41 Now, the first step we are told that to charge a body by induction, four steps are to be considered.

14:48 Step, step for charging a negative body. Now, for we to charge a negative body, you can charge a negative body, you can charge a positive body.

14:57 Now, for we to charge a negative body, the first step says, bring a positive charge, the positive charge body, which is what?

15:08 With charge body, which is an ebonitroid with positive, positive charge body, close to the body.

15:17 Now, we will bring this positive charge body, close to the body, this step to set out what?

15:21 From here, you can have these. We have negative, negative, negative, we have positive, positive, positive, positive.

15:39 Now, with these. Now, you can see that now that the positive side has a repair bar, why the negative side is attracting towards to these parts, which is what these.

15:57 Now, the second room, we have to bring what? Now, bringing what and etching to the body, which is the third one, the second one.

16:16 Now, we have these. Etching is carried out on these. Etching is carried out on these. We have the etching.

16:36 This is etching, and the body is this. Now, etching is carried out to neutralize this one. We have it to be like this.

16:55 We have positive, with these neutralizing the body. Now, bringing this. Now, you remove your hand, which is what? The etching. Remove the etching, we have these.

17:21 Now, the fourth one now, we have to remove the positive rod, which is this. Removing the positive rod from each, we have everything to be like this.

17:35 That is, we have to produce a negative charge body, as we produce. Now, from there, we can produce a negative charge body.

17:47 Same thing is applicable, if we want to produce for positive charge body, what we need to do is to use a negative ebonite rod, place it at the body, we can also produce a positive charge body.

18:02 The same procedures we can use to get the positive charge body. Just proceed. Concepts of electric feed. Concepts of electric feed?

18:16 Electric feed, like we said, it is a region where electric feed are being experienced or they are being filled. Now, we are told that what electric feed are vector quantity, what are vector quantity?

18:30 They are magnitude and what they have size. Now, on an electric feed intensity can be defined as a ratio of the force to the charge.

18:39 A ratio of the force to the charge, electric feed intensity, is the ratio of the force to the charge, which is Q.

18:48 We have these as well as the electric feed intensity as force over the charge.

18:58 Now, I said notes, the direction of the electric feed pointing away from the positive charge, but points towards a negative charge body.

19:11 That means we have, so it's in like this.

19:17 Let's say this is a positive charge body, this is a negative charge body.

19:23 Now, the positive charge is pointing away, that is, is pointing away, is pointing away.

19:35 Why this is pointing inward, is pointing inward, is pointing inward.

19:50 That means we can have it to be like this, that charge body and the negative charge body.

19:59 We are moving out, going into this, we have this coming in and coming in.

20:10 That is what the positive charge body and the negative charge body.

20:15 Now, we have the columns law, columns law state that the electrostatic force between two charges, is directly proportional to the product of the masses, N1 and M2, an inverse proportional to the square of the distance apart.

20:37 Okay, we have the F is equals to this, this is how to solve it, we have these as the charges, then substitute to get the charge.

20:52 Now, let's go back to these, which you have, is equals to F over Q. Now, what is our F giving to us?

21:01 We have it here to say that Q1, Q2, Q2 over R squared times odds, Q, this can take care of this.

21:15 We have this with these odds, electrified intensity with these odds, Q, K, Q over odds R squared, this for electric intensity.

21:34 And K is equals to one over four by E nodes for the K. Let's proceed.

21:45 Now, electric potential, electric potential, it is the work done in moving a unit charge from an infinity to a point of consideration.

21:57 And we have the formula to be given us, V is equals to W over Q, and W is equals to V multiplied by Q.

22:09 We have electric potential, it is a scalar quantity, and it can be expressed mathematically as the product of the electric feed intensity and the distance.

22:18 Now, for me, we have this as the potential, and we have this as E and this as the distance.

22:26 Now, for electric potential, from electric feed intensity, we already have two votes, Q over four by R squared, and the D is equals to R.

22:37 Now, by now, we can substitute everyone into this place where to get this.

22:43 Capacitor is a device used for storing charges.

22:47 Capacitor is also called condenser.

22:52 I would also say that Capacitor is very proportional to the potential difference across X, which will have the Q is very proportional to V, and Q is equals to CV.

23:05 Where the C is a constant called the capacitor of capacitance, and we have the other ones, which capacitor is measured in Farrand.

23:17 Now, factors that affect capacitance of a parallel pleats, we have the area, the area also affects the capacitance.

23:27 We have the distance between the pleats affect the capacitance.

23:30 We also have the nature of the dielectric material.

23:34 These are the three functions that affect the capacitors in a parallel pleats.

23:46 Now, Capacitor is arranged in two forms.

23:51 We have the series arrangements and we have the parallel arrangements.

23:56 On the series arrangement, we are told that what they are arranged side by side, that is, we have it to be like this, side by side.

24:08 This is how it is. Now, we are told for a capacitor in a series, we have the store equal amount of charges.

24:19 That means we have equal amount of charges towards Q, Q1, Q2, equal amount of charges.

24:28 Now, the business is that total voltage of the circuit, we have total voltage, is equal to the sum of the potential difference, which is what V is equal to V1 plus V2 plus V3.

24:46 Now, for this one, one of the series we have was 1 over C, total is equal to 1 over C1 plus 1 over C2 plus 1 over Cn.

25:04 Now, this is a formula to solve for parallel for series arrangements.

25:10 The parallel arrangements, they are arranged side by side, they are arranged side by side, that means for this to hold, for which to know about this, for which to take the following points, we are told that what they have equal amount of voltages, we have the voltage, V2 is equal to V1 is equal to V2 is equal to V3.

25:35 And we are told that what the total charges is equal to the arithmetic charges, which is what Q total is equal to Q1 plus Q2 plus Q3 and so on plus Qn.

25:52 Now, for the parallel arrangements, we have that what C total is equal to C1 plus C2 plus C3 plus Cn.

26:07 That is the formula to solve the capacitor in the parallel arrangements.

26:14 Now, energy stored in the capacitor, we are told that what it is half the potential difference and the charge, which you have our thoughts as the average, which is what half the potential difference and the charge, which you have all these.

26:32 Now, from there, we already know that Q is equal to Cv, from there we can impute it to get other functions, which you have that half of the Cv square, which is this one.

26:44 Also, we can also go down to say that V is equal to Q over C. Now, by substituting this into this first place, we are going to have this.

26:54 And by that, we have as E is equal to 1 over 2, Q square over the capacitor.

27:04 Now, let's move forward to talk about the uses of capacitor. They are used for storing charges. They are used for storing electrical energy.

27:15 They are used for detecting. They are used for essential components in our radio, in our television, computer panels.

27:23 They are used limiting the value of, limiting the value of currents flowing in the AC circuits.

27:31 Now, let's talk about the conduction through liquid and gases. Cond conduction through liquid.

27:39 All right, electrolysis, this is the chemical chain in the liquid due to the flow of electric currents through the liquid.

27:47 Some liquid are good conductors. Some liquid are good conductors. Why others are poor conductors of electricity?

27:56 And good conductors of electricity are electrolytes. Why poor conductors of electrolysis are non-electrolytes?

28:04 Liquid, such as solution of acid, base, and so on, are generally good conductors.

28:10 Liquid, such as benzene and paraffin are poor conductors. Organic compounds are generally poor conductors.

28:18 Why poor conductors are also poor conductors? Now, application of electrolysis is applied in several industries.

28:28 For example, in the electrolyte plates of metals and in pure metals. Now, under electrolyte plates,

28:39 this is the process of costing a metallic object with another metals, in order to improve the appearance or to safeguard it against corrosion.

28:54 Now, we'll talk about far this law of electrolysis. Now, there are two laws of Faraday.

29:02 We have faraday force law. We state that that the mass of the substance are liberated in electrolysis is directly proportional to the quantity of the electricity,

29:13 which you have as m is directly proportional to the quantity. We have m is equal to z cube.

29:27 Faraday's law states that the mass is directly proportional to the quantity of the electricity,

29:34 which you have m is directly proportional to q and m is equal to what? Remove this proportionality sign, we have z cube.

29:42 q is equal to what the electricity, which is what I see. Why z is the constants?

29:52 Is the constants? Which you have that word? m is equal to z i t.

30:00 That is, we have it here. Now, the second law of state, that the mass, the mass is of different substance deposited or liberated by the same quantity of electricity.

30:12 are directly proportional to the chemical equivalent of that substance, which you have that word. That m is directly proportional to the q and q is equal to i t and m is directly proportional to i t and m is equal to z i t.

30:33 Now, z is a constant of the proportionality, which is known as what? Electrochemical equivalent, which is called the ECE of a substance.

30:47 It is the mass of that substance deposited by one column of electricity in a process of electrolysis.

30:57 That means, we have that word, that z is equal to what m over i t.

31:06 Let's keep this one. It is also important for us.

31:11 Then we'll talk about conduction of electricity through gas, where through that conduction of electricity through gas, gas is studying, is the study using a discharge tube.

31:22 This process of a long gas, of a long gas tube, meets meta-electrocy to each end of the tube.

31:34 Now, we'll talk about what the hot cathode, the harmonic emission, and gas discharge tube, cathode ray are produced from a cold cathode.

31:49 Another way of producing free electron is from hot cathode.

31:53 Whenever a meta is heated to a sufficient high temperature, electrons are being emitted at the surface of that meta, which is also known as what?

32:06 Thamonic emission, that means Thamonic emission is the emission of electron from the surface of a hot filament or a hot meta.

32:21 All right, we're going to take a question from these.

32:24 We have the first question, which is two cells.

32:28 Let's say the first question, the first question, two cells, each of EMF, four votes, two cells, we have these, two cells,

32:51 two cells, which is this, four votes, four votes, and internal resistance of 0.5, internal resistance of 0.5,

33:08 are connected in series. They are made to supply a current of a combination of three resistors.

33:21 One of the resistance four ohms, four ohms, connected in series, four ohms, four ohms, connected in series to a parallel combination of two other resistance of five ohms.

33:48 That is, we have it to be like this, we have five ohms, we have five ohms.

34:08 Now, the question says draw the second diagram. Now, this is the second diagram, which is A, B is calculate the current in the circuits.

34:21 Now, for which to calculate the circuits, the current in the circuit, the first we have to get here, this is the parallel, this is a series, this is the EMF, and this is the internal resistance.

34:33 Now, let's get the fourth one, which is a parallel, that is, five is parallel to five. That simply means what?

34:44 Aru equivalence is equal towards Aru 1, Aru 2 over Aru 1 plus Aru 2, which is equal towards five times five over five plus five,

35:07 which will give us 25 over 10, which will give us 2.5 ohms. That is, in the parallel form, we have what? Aru equivalence is equal to 2.5 ohms.

35:35 Now, from here, let's get the A series, A series, A series, we have here, like this, to be 2.5.

36:00 So, in series, we have 4 ohms plus 2.5 ohms, which will give us 6.5 ohms.

36:13 Now, let's get the internal resistance, internal resistance, which will give us 0.5 plus 0.5, will give us 1.0 ohms.

36:36 Now, let's get the total voltage, total voltage, total voltage will give us V1 plus V2.

36:57 We have the results, V2 is equal to 4 plus 4, we give us each volt.

37:05 Now, we can get the current from this now to see that V is equal to I into brackets, internal resistance plus the SNR resistance.

37:19 Now, what is our voltage? Our voltage is what's 8 volts is equal to the current which we don't know, open a brackets.

37:33 Now, our internal resistance, which is 1 plus our SNR resistance, which is 6.5,

37:44 then we have 8 is equal to what's, this is equal to, this plus this will give us 7.5.

37:52 Then, we can divide this by 7.5, 7.5.

38:01 This can take care of this, we have the current is equal.

38:12 Now, let's use our calculator, let's use our calculator.

38:25 Now, we have 8 divided by 7.5, we give us 1.066, so let's approximate towards 1.07 ampere.

38:50 So, the current is equal to 1.07 ampere, that's the first question.

38:58 Now, the second question is, the PD across the parallel combination.

39:06 Now, across the parallel combination, we have that, let's go up to check our parallel combination.

39:17 Our parallel combination, we have it as 2.5, 2.5, in parallel combination, 2.5.

39:33 So, we have the same, we have V, V is equal to what's I, R, in parallel combination.

39:46 That is for C. Now, what is the potential difference?

39:52 We don't know, what's the current, the current is the total current that flows to the circuit.

39:58 We have 1.07 times the resistor, which is what's 2.5 in the parallel plates, 2.5 in the parallel plates.

40:09 We have V, is equal to, let's use our calculator, 1.07 times 2.5.

40:25 And that will give us what, 2.675 votes.

40:37 Now, that is the potential difference across the parallel combination.

40:44 The D parts, the question says, couple it in loss votes of the battery.

40:51 Now, how can we get the loss votes?

40:52 Which is what's loss votes minus V is equal to what's I, R, which is what's the internal resistance of the cell.

41:01 We have E minus V, which is equal to, the internal resistance of the cell, the current is what's 1.07 times.

41:13 Now, let's go over to check for the internal resistance of the cell.

41:23 Internal resistance of the cell, we have got 1.0 ohms, 1.0 ohms, times 1.0 ohms.

41:40 And we multiply it, we have what's E minus V is equal to what's 1.0 ohms.

41:49 Now, we have what's as votes.

41:55 Thank you for watching with us.

41:57 I'm MN Andy John.

41:59 See the next class.