00:02 Good day, everyone.

00:14 My name is Charles Christopher,

00:16 I'm the chemistry tutor,

00:18 and I'll be taking you on the topic carbon and its compounds.

00:21 Now, before we begin,

00:24 I would like to give you some of the objectives of the lesson.

00:28 At the end of the class,

00:29 the students should be able to know the introduction to carbon,

00:33 the allotrums of carbon,

00:36 the oxides of carbon,

00:38 gasification, which is four gases,

00:41 destructive distillation of coal and wood,

00:43 the uses of the byproducts we get from destructive distillation

00:48 of wood and coal,

00:53 then transoccarbonate and hydrogen transoccarbonate

00:56 as the last one.

00:58 All right, now introduction.

01:00 Basically, this is one of the very vital topics

01:04 we have in chemistry.

01:05 So I believe that the classes

01:08 is really going to be something that you take something home.

01:11 Now, carbon forms the largest number of compounds,

01:16 next only to hydrogen.

01:17 So we know the hydrogen form numerous compounds as well.

01:20 So carbon is next is actually next to hydrogen, okay?

01:25 So it ranks several things in the order of our bodhands

01:29 in the head crust as we know that.

01:31 So as you can see in the picture,

01:32 they're thus carbon or form, okay?

01:36 So now, carbon occurs in the free native states

01:39 as well as in the combined states.

01:41 So carbon and its compounds are widely distributed in nature.

01:45 So of course, as we go on,

01:46 we'll see it in the lesson.

01:48 Then now, in each element of form,

01:51 carbon occurs in nature as damn old and graphite.

01:55 So of course, this is what we call the crystal life form of carbon.

01:59 Then the amorphous form of carbon,

02:01 they are the coal, the charcoal, and the coke,

02:03 which are actually the imperial forms of carbon, all right?

02:08 So the last two are obtained by heating wood and coal

02:13 in the absence of air respectively, okay?

02:17 So in the combined state, carbon is present as carbonates

02:21 in many minerals, such as cell hydrocabons,

02:24 in natural gas, petroleum, et cetera.

02:28 In air, carbon dioxide is present in small quantity,

02:31 which is 0.03 percent.

02:33 Of course, we know that part of the constituents of air,

02:37 so our food also contains carbon in the combined form, all right?

02:41 All living or system contains carbon compounds.

02:45 Indeed, life as we know today,

02:47 would be impossible without such a carbon compounds.

02:51 It's very important, you take note of that, all right?

02:53 So now, as you can see in the picture of this,

02:55 a carbon is a non-metallic element,

02:57 and the first member of before the periodic table, okay?

03:01 So now, this picture is showing us that in this that in here,

03:05 we have sea protons and sea cell neutrons, okay?

03:09 Then we have a four-village electrode of carbon.

03:12 So now, this is actually the neutral state of carbon,

03:14 when it is not charged, okay?

03:16 So we add a number of proteins,

03:17 equal to a number of, basically, electrons, okay?

03:21 So then now, allotroupes of carbon.

03:26 What we're talking about allotroupes,

03:27 so we're talking about the exact sense of an element

03:31 in different forms,

03:32 have it different physical properties,

03:34 but similar chemical properties is known as allotroup.

03:38 Then now, different forms of an element are called allotroupes,

03:43 all right, all allotropic forms, okay?

03:46 So, carbon shows allotroupes.

03:49 Don't forget that just like all the other allotroupes,

03:51 like we have in nitrogen, we have in phosphorus also,

03:54 so this is carbon we are discussing now.

03:58 So the various allotropic forms of carbon

04:02 are broadly classified into two classes.

04:04 So we have them as crystallized carbon.

04:08 So the crystallized carbon is just made up of two,

04:11 we have them all, all right?

04:13 Then we have graphite.

04:15 So them all that graphite are the crystallized forms of carbon.

04:18 Okay, so then the next one, the second broad type,

04:22 so to call the amorphous carbon.

04:23 So the amorphous carbon of course,

04:25 that this actually include co-cook,

04:28 charcoal, animal charcoal.

04:30 We talk of charcoal, talk of wood charcoal,

04:33 talk of animal charcoal, talk of sugar charcoal.

04:36 Animal charcoal is also in a bone black, it's the same thing,

04:39 all right, lamb black, carbon black, gas carbon,

04:43 and petulo coque are all forms of amorphous carbon.

04:47 Okay, so now looking at demo precisely, all right?

04:52 We find out that damogs are cheaply found

04:56 in the union of South Africa.

04:58 Of course, we know that this is a popular thing

05:02 that everybody knows that is we have it morning in South Africa.

05:06 So in Beijing, Congo, Brazil, which is Ghana, Ghana,

05:11 all right, we have India also as well.

05:15 Okay, just like later on, we are going to find out

05:18 that damogs are faxed, discovered in India actually,

05:23 before any other place, okay?

05:25 So the famous cohenu damog, which is 186 carrots,

05:34 and the regions of pits, okay, regions of pits, okay?

05:39 These actually studied under Napoleon's states sword,

05:44 which actually contains 136.2 carrots were found

05:50 and near this Kisna, Kisna River actually

05:55 in South India, okay?

05:58 Just like that example, you show you,

05:59 that damog, you see that person who did that.

06:02 So now the lunar damod, which is the largest ever found

06:07 weighed about 3,000 and 25.7 carrots,

06:11 about 6,000 grams was actually mined in South Africa in 1905.

06:16 Of course, these are just history

06:18 and basically a damod occurs in the form

06:21 of a transparent or a hydra,

06:24 or that or a hydra actually means its structural forms,

06:28 okay, its crystallized structural forms, okay?

06:31 So Kisna, usually having the cove surfaces

06:35 and do not actually shine much in their natural form.

06:39 Of course, when it is being mined,

06:41 he doesn't look fine at all,

06:42 until it goes different processes and all that, okay?

06:47 So where, at the end of the day, you see a gang,

06:50 a gang is actually the impurity present

06:53 in an imperial material, okay, and all, okay?

06:57 Now to give them their usual brilliant shine,

07:00 they are caught at the proper angle, all right?

07:03 So as to actually give rise to larger total eternal reflections,

07:08 just like as you can see that the pitch of the shiny,

07:11 basically as you can see.

07:12 Now, more than in about 1893,

07:17 so actually prepared the first artificial damod

07:20 by hitting a pure sugar,

07:22 that sugar, charcoal and iron together

07:26 in a graphite possible.

07:29 So to a temperature of about 3,000 degrees Celsius,

07:33 so you see the temperature is very high,

07:34 okay, in an electric arc furnace, all right?

07:38 So now, the structure of damod,

07:41 it basically, like we mentioned one,

07:43 we're looking at the history of damod,

07:45 we find out that the carbon atoms are actually

07:48 are in tetrahedral,

07:50 talking about the XP-D3, XP-3, right?

07:53 XP-3, XP-3 abedides.

07:56 So that's abedides form of the carbon

07:58 as the central atom in damod, okay?

08:00 So each carbon actually is linked to each of the neighbors

08:04 by four single covalent bonds, okay?

08:07 Like this, the pitch will show very soon.

08:10 So this leads to a three-dimensional network of covalent bonds,

08:14 okay, as you can see here, one, two, sorry.

08:19 So as you can see here, sorry about that.

08:23 So as you can see here, you see one, two, three.

08:26 Each of them, you'll be seeing one, two, three.

08:29 Three dimensional covalent bonds.

08:31 So you'll see them in three, three.

08:32 So here, you show you the distance between,

08:36 vertical, between this bond, and the next one,

08:39 is 154, it is a peakometer, actually, okay?

08:44 As a unit, then also, it is due to this that damod is,

08:50 is known to be a very hard substance, okay?

08:53 And has a high melting of body points, okay?

08:57 Because in damod, each carbon atom is bonded

09:01 to other through regular covalent bonds.

09:05 So basically, the electron flux are held tightly together

09:10 in between the nuclei.

09:11 And there are no, there's no free mobile electrons.

09:16 They are held together covalently, so they don't move freely.

09:20 That is why you find it difficult for you to actually

09:23 conduct electricity, because the molecules

09:25 are tightly held together.

09:27 So there are no free mobile electrons.

09:29 So all the valence electrons of carbon

09:32 are used up in forming the covalent bonds, okay?

09:35 Then, hence, our damod does not conduct electricity,

09:39 of course, we've said that.

09:40 So damod is also denser than graphite.

09:43 So talking about the density of damod,

09:45 so we have 3.52 gram per cubic centimeter,

09:51 then we have for graphite, you see the difference between this

09:53 and this is, you know, the distance is a bit high, okay?

09:58 So basically, that's for that.

09:59 So as a damod structure, it's a closely packed structure.

10:03 So why the layer to layer, large distance,

10:06 makes a graphite to have an open structure.

10:09 So of course, you see that very, so now,

10:11 let's now look at the properties of damod now.

10:14 Have a look at it.

10:15 So we know that damod is known to be the hottest,

10:18 no substance.

10:19 Of course, you know that, then it is brittle.

10:21 The brittle sipping may be, it's not malleable.

10:23 You know, we're talking about malleability of a matter

10:26 of the substance.

10:27 So it makes that you can beat that meta into sheet,

10:31 tiny sheet, okay?

10:32 But this one cannot be malleable, actually.

10:37 It's because it's brittle, basically.

10:39 So it's actually, it's an insulator.

10:42 It can be used as an insulator.

10:44 Insulator is a knock on doctor.

10:46 So insoluble in water and it has a very high melting habit.

10:51 Bolly point, very high melting point, as I said that.

10:54 Okay, now look at uses of damod.

10:57 Now, the unusual brilliant shine, all right?

11:00 Of damod makes it an invaluable precious of stone.

11:04 In jewelry, making jewelry,

11:05 all the jewelry we use, this watches and all that.

11:07 So most of them are made up of damod and all that, okay?

11:10 Making high position cutting tools for use

11:13 in medical field, okay?

11:14 So because of eggs and hardness,

11:16 it is used in manufacturing tools, cutting,

11:20 trees for cutting a glass and rock and all that.

11:23 So then it makes it dyes for drawing very tiny wires of harder metals, okay?

11:31 Toxying wires of thickness of one-sixth of that of human hair, okay?

11:37 The thickness, you know human hair is tiny,

11:39 but you see, imagine you having one-sixth of that of human hair.

11:42 So it can be drawn using a damod or dyes, okay?

11:46 Techno of that, now that is for damod.

11:48 So let's look at graphite.

11:49 Now graphite is found widely distributed in nature.

11:53 So like places like Strin Lanka,

11:56 we have it in Siberia, we have it also in the USA and Canada, okay?

12:01 So that's the structure you are seeing.

12:03 Just like we look at what's it called, damod structure.

12:07 So this one is graphite structure you can see.

12:10 These are the carbons at these various corners you are seeing.

12:14 The distance between the space of these

12:16 and these are nanometer, all right?

12:19 Then you see the villains of water wall forces.

12:22 These are the, these are what you are seeing here.

12:24 These are dotted lines at the water wall forces.

12:26 So the horizontal distance is 0.14 nanometer.

12:30 They're the vertical distance between the carbons to carbon is 0.34 nanometer.

12:35 So as you can see, the structure of a crystallized structure of that was graphite.

12:40 So that quantity of graphite are also manufactured from cook or what we call the antrocytes.

12:49 So these are where we are going to look at the various types of cook.

12:52 Antrocytes is a type of coal, take note of that.

12:56 So in an electric phonesis,

12:58 each layer is actually bonded to adjacent layer like you've seen here, all right?

13:03 So by weaker water wall forces adjacent as you can see in this diagram, okay?

13:08 Now also these allow each layer to slide over the other easily.

13:14 It's very simple, okay?

13:15 Now due to this type of structure, so graphite is soft.

13:19 We know that and it's slippery and can act as lubricants, okay?

13:24 So graphite is also a good conduct of electricity.

13:28 Why? Because in graphite structure, all right?

13:31 So there are free mobile electrons just like a damon.

13:34 The molecules are held together, tightly held together.

13:39 So they are not free, they are immobile.

13:41 So both for graphite, they are immobile.

13:43 So that is why because of the free mobile electron,

13:46 we can actually conduct electricity.

13:48 So in graphite, carbon atoms in each layer are bonded to three other carbon atoms

13:54 by special, special or equivalent bonds, okay?

13:59 Now this gives some double bond character to the carbon to carbon bond like we see in

14:04 that structure previously.

14:06 So this gives it the presence of the localizer, this is a pie electron system, okay?

14:13 With electron systems, these mobile electrons explain the electrical conductivity or graphite,

14:19 which I've said earlier already, all right?

14:22 So now have a set big, so now the properties of graphites are big.

14:27 Number 1, don't forget we mentioned the fact that there are free mobile electrons in graphite.

14:32 So it's conduct electricity, all right?

14:34 It's right well on paper.

14:36 It has a density of 2.3 gram per cubic centimeter.

14:43 So it has a soft, it is actually a soft black material which feels greasy to touch, okay?

14:51 So it uses a graphite.

14:53 So as a lubricant, at high temperature, so we know that graphite is used for lubricating

15:00 part of machine, so take note of that.

15:02 So as a refactoring material of making coosibles and electrodes for high temperature work, okay?

15:09 The temperature reaches from 3,000 to 5,000 to 6,000 degrees Celsius, so the temperature

15:16 is really very high.

15:16 So in electroplating, all right, so in the manufacture of gramophone records, so graphite is used

15:24 for making the non-conducting that like generally as a wax, so conducting surface so that the

15:32 electroplating can be done easily.

15:34 So for manufacturing, light pencils and stove paints, as you can see, there is just a picture

15:39 showing, you know, an example of that, okay?

15:43 In particular graphite type, you can use for manufacture of light pencil and all that.

15:48 So now, the comparison of the properties of damal and graphite, of course, for this, we

15:55 will look at this table here that shows us that damal, of course, here is graphite.

16:00 So it occurs naturally in free state, this one occurs naturally and is also manufactured

16:04 officially, all right?

16:05 Then this one, it is actually hard, there is no natural substance, then this one is soft

16:11 and greasing to touch, to feel.

16:13 So basically it has a relative density of about 3.5, why it is on high as the density of 2.3,

16:19 okay?

16:20 So it is transparent and has a high refractive index, okay, that it is black, in color and

16:26 opaque.

16:27 So basically, if you go down and on, you see the difference between damal and graphite,

16:32 you will be able to know, so which one is which one and all that.

16:35 So basically, so let's now look at the other aspect of cable.

16:40 So the amorphous cable, the very first one here is a code.

16:44 Now code is formed in nature by carbonization of wood, okay?

16:49 So by carbonation of wood, so convection of wood to code, on that the inflanks of high

16:53 temperature, high pressure and in the absence of air is stem, carbonization, thickness of

16:59 that, all right?

17:00 So amorphous code variety, so at the side, like I told you, I made sure at the side before

17:05 now, is a purest form of code, to have various that will have a piece, you have, you know, other

17:13 types, which you are going to see very soon.

17:15 So this particular one contains about 94 to 95 percent of carbon.

17:21 It has a very high percentage of carbon, okay?

17:24 So now the common variety is between or school, so which is actually black, hard and it belongs

17:33 to a smoking flame, okay?

17:35 Just the picture will show you a typical example of what we are saying, that now, types of code

17:41 now, we have four types of code, namely, so we have the pit, the pit like, like, now this

17:48 one is like, is like, you have in code, which is about 60 percent carbon by mass, okay?

17:56 So the pit has about 60 percent of carbon, then for others, which is actually brown, soft

18:02 code, having about 67 percent, so of course, seven different, higher than the previous one,

18:09 they're between minus or code, which actually use every day, we use every day at home, basically,

18:15 so this one contains about 88 percent by mass of carbon, so which is higher than the two

18:21 previous ones, therefore, on the side, of course, this one is higher than the rest of them,

18:26 so now this is actually tough and hard, having about 94 percent of carbon by mass, basically,

18:34 so now, how do we now carry out this carbonization process, okay?

18:41 So how do we carry this carbonization process?

18:44 Now basically, you find out that, like we mentioned before, for carbonization, it's a complex

18:49 mixture, what's it called? Compounds composed of a million of carbon, all right, million

18:58 of carbon, million of hydrogen and oxygen, take note of that, with some more quantity

19:04 of nitrogen, so forth, for spheres and also of the impurities, okay?

19:10 So now, basically, a wide variety of substances, which can be obtained from it by a process

19:19 known as a destructive distillation or code, so basically, you will see it in this equation,

19:25 there was supposed to be an equation that shows the various fractions of this, so now they

19:32 very cheap and the potter product that deep process actually produce a co-gas, ammonia

19:38 caldicore, we have co-ta, and the solid, what's it called, a coke, so now the uses of this

19:45 fraction, like I mentioned in the objective, you find out that, now for co-gas, for co-gas

19:51 actually, we contains about 50% hydrogen, 30% methane, 10% carbon, 2% oxide, and some amount

19:58 of other gases like methane, hydrogen, and so forth, so now, we have ammonia caldicore

20:05 also consists of, especially of ammonia compounds at benzene, there were also ammonia compounds

20:12 that, which can be used in the manufacture of our nitrogenous fertilizer, why the benzene

20:20 is used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical products and also as a solvent, okay?

20:25 So for co-ta, co-ta is a mixture of more than 200 different substances, which can be separated

20:31 by a fraction of distillation, so of course, that's co-ta, you are saying that this material

20:36 we actually use for the make-up co-ta, so then now, most of these, each like toluene, phenol,

20:45 and naphtali, I use the sitences of important commercial products like dyes, like paints,

20:51 like estheticide drugs, plastics, and explosive, okay?

20:57 So now, for co-que, which is almost the last part of it, the solid residue, co-que, which

21:02 is actually 98% by mass, bone smoothly, without a smoke and with high calorical, what's

21:11 it called, value?

21:12 So it's actually used in the manufacture of geysers for such as a producer gas and water gas,

21:20 all right?

21:21 So now, we will go on and on, you find out the basic concept here about all these, these

21:26 are destructive distillation of co-que, so and the uses of the fracture like we measure already,

21:32 so now, the uses of these are co-que, now basically, co-que is used as an industrial fuel in

21:37 steel, power, generation of plants, you also use a domestic fuel into a limited extent,

21:44 okay?

21:45 So, take another four-man fracture of producer gas and water gas like I mentioned before,

21:48 all right?

21:49 Which are used as fuel gases for manufacture of co-ta, co-que, and also co-gas as well, all

21:56 right?

21:57 To antracite, for example, is used for preparing graphite for the manufacture of citratical

22:02 petrol by catalytic adrogenation of co-que, so that is how antracite co-que can be obtained,

22:12 all right?

22:13 So, now, for the wood, you know, the one we just discussed now is destructive distillation

22:18 of co-que, or this one is for wood, now this one also is a complex substance, just like

22:23 you have in co-except that the percentage of the composition of the element present in

22:30 this particular one, all right, are totally different, okay?

22:33 They will be different from the one we have, for example, the wood has a high percentage

22:38 of carbon than coal, all right?

22:41 So, destructive distillation of wood yields, for example, you have wood charcoal, they

22:46 will have a polyethnose acid or wood gas, actually, so then for the polyethnose acid, which

22:55 is a liquid fraction of co-tax million etanote acids, all right?

23:01 Which contain propanone, which contain metanone, and also some other compounds, all right?

23:08 So, now, basically, this is the part of this carbon and this compound, so before, before

23:15 we actually end the class, so basically I want you to know some of these people to evaluate

23:21 this for me, to give me the three allotros of carbon, which, of course, I've mentioned

23:26 in my explanation, then which of the allotros of carbon is the purest, thanks for watching.

23:36 My name is Charles Christopher, till next time.

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