00:00 Good students, I'm Mr. Kenny. I'm your English teacher for today. This moment we are going

00:19 to discuss prefixes. Both before the class commences, I would like to read the lesson

00:26 objectives in your hearing. Now after the treatment of this topic, I mean as soon as I'm done

00:38 explaining what prefixes is, it is expected that students should be able to identify

00:47 basic root words. Since we are dealing with word formation, how words are formed, after

00:55 the class, other treatments, students should be able to identify basic root words. And

01:02 then in continuation, students should also be able to understand both bound and free

01:10 muffin. Number three, I've been able to identify basic root words, haven't understood both

01:19 bound and free muffin. It is expected that students should also be able to use these derivational

01:25 prefixes to generate words which are antennae that is opposite of given words. Now we

01:34 move straight to the content. What is a prefix? Please don't get carried away by the

01:45 way it is spelled. And then that should not be pronounced as prefix. It is prefix.

01:53 What is a prefix? A prefix is an affix. In brackets, a muffin, a pronounceable unit

02:04 or sound, which is placed before the stem. A stem is what remains of our word when any

02:14 inflection that is attachment is removed from it. What is a prefix? A prefix is an affix.

02:24 And what is an affix? An affix is a muffin. To make it clearer, a prefix is a muffin.

02:35 The question that you're running through your mind is what is a muffin? A muffin is the

02:42 smallest units of sound that is pronounceable. A muffin repeats is the smallest units of

02:52 sound that is pronounceable but which does not make any sense. A muffin is the smallest

03:02 units of sound that is pronounceable that doesn't make any meaning. It cannot stand on its own

03:08 and then make meaning. It needs to be attached. Or let me say it has to be attached to its

03:15 stem. That is a word that is already made. A word that can give full meaning. So it is

03:23 through its attachment to that word. It cannot give us a meaning. A muffin is compared

03:31 is taken as a baby of a baby that is six months old or five months old. A baby that is six months

03:43 or five months old cannot walk. Such baby needs the support of his mother to do whatever

03:53 it is intense doing. So a muffin is the smallest units of sound that is pronounceable but which

04:05 doesn't give or make any sense. It's just like a boy or six months old cannot, you know,

04:13 utter class statements. Cannot utter words clearly. Cannot even walk, you know, with full maturity

04:24 or with full sense of, you know, reality. So such baby needs someone that is older than

04:30 he is to help him walk around. So that is the nature of a muffin. A prefix is a muffin

04:37 and what is a muffin, smallest units of sound. We have something of this nature. This let

04:44 I U and let I N. We have let I U, let I U and let I N. We look at let I U and let I N. The

05:03 both of them give us some on, on. This is a muffin, smallest units of sound and as

05:14 it is the smallest unit of sound, it is equally pronounceable but there's something that is

05:19 lacking. It's not giving us any meaning. So it is a muffin. A prefix is a muffin. It's

05:25 a muffin that is pronounceable but no meaning on, on. There's no meaning. It's just like

05:32 a boy or six month old, on, on. So a prefix is a muffin that is attached at the beginning

05:40 to a word. That is a prefix as it is a muffin is attached to a word at the beginning,

05:47 otherwise at the beginning. And that word is equally called A, stem. So a prefix is

05:54 an affix that is a muffin. I was a muffin, a pronounceable unit of sound that does not

06:00 make sense or give sensible meaning. Which is placed before the stem that is at the beginning

06:06 and what is a stem? A stem is what means of a word when any inflection that is attachments

06:11 is removed from each. Now let me give an instance. We have a p. Let's study this. Let's

06:21 have this as a key study. We have a p. Now we'll check this word a p. It is a stem. It

06:34 is the word that makes meaning on its own. On like UN, UN is not giving us any meaning. So

06:42 in this case UN is an affix meaning a muffin. Now to make it, you know, give us meaning,

06:49 let's attach it to happy. Now when you attach it to a p, it changes the word

07:00 up towards on a p. So when you attach this prefix, prefix is always at the beginning. So when you

07:07 attach on to a p, it gives us another meaning. That is sadness. That is not being, you know, joyous.

07:16 So on a p. Now with its attachment to a p, it has given us a meaning. So this is a prefix and

07:26 this is stem. When detached is now, when you remove the prefix UN from happy, we have the word

07:35 up is saved and that is our stem. So that's what the saying is is stem is what remains of a word

07:41 when any inflection. Inflection means attachments. That's attachments could be prefix and that

07:49 attachments could be suffix. When the attachment is suffix, it means it will appear at the end

07:57 of that stem. That means of that word. When an attachment is a prefix, it means it will appear

08:03 at the beginning of its stem. That is, its stem is the word that the prefix of the suffix is

08:12 attached to. So when you detach UN from this word, the stem is happy and the prefix is what's

08:21 on. So that's what the saying is is a prefix is a suffix. That is a muffin, a pronounceable

08:26 in our son, which is placed before the stem. And what is the stem? The stem is what remains of a

08:33 word. When any inflection that is attachment is removed from its. Let's get another example.

08:55 We have I M, we have I M.

09:26 Now, we have I M as a prefix meaning an affix. As it is, it is not given any meaning.

09:39 It's the smaller use of sound that is pronounceable, not given any meaning. Until it is added to this

09:45 stem, your word possible. Now, the moment it is attached to this possible, it changes the meaning

09:52 of possible. It moves it from positivity to negativity. Let's have something of this nature.

10:00 Here we have I M possible. I M possible as changed as switched from positivity. Sorry,

10:19 possible as switched from positivity to impossible. That is negativity. So with an attachment with

10:29 this inflection, that is a prefix attachment, you know, in this word, the possible as lost its

10:38 positivity value, now embracing negativity. So possible changes to impossible. So with its

10:47 attachment, it is able to make or give us a negative meaning. That is for prefix. I repeat,

10:56 if prefix is an affix and what is an affix? A morphine that is pronounceable units of sound

11:03 that is not making any sense until you add it to a word. Let's you know, make progress.

11:13 Now, we have examples of prefix, examples of prefix. Number one on the list is engulf. Engulf

11:23 means to be overwhelmed. Engulf means, you know, to be surrounded. That's what it means. Now,

11:33 we have engulf, engulf, engulf. If you have to split these words, the first we are going to have

11:41 is the inflection. And what is the inflection? That means the prefix. What is the prefix then?

11:47 The prefix there is n. You have n. And what is the stem? Stem is, when you remove the detachment,

11:57 as you are going to take away the detachment, the prefix or the inflection. What remains

12:05 becomes the stem. So, when you detach en from engulf, what do you have left? We have gulf. So,

12:14 the gulf there is what stem? The gulf there is the stem. So, when you bring it back, n is able to

12:22 give us one meaning of the order that we have engulf and n is the prefix in the word engulf.

12:32 Now, it says, when en is removed, we have gulf. The next is repli, repli, repli. We have a prefix

12:43 there and that prefix is re, re. So, when you take away how e from repli, we have the stem, plei.

12:54 When detach re, the re there is an inflection, a prefix inflection. So, when you remove it from plei,

13:04 we have plei, which is the stem. The word to which re is attached. Now, it says, when re is removed,

13:16 we have plei. Next is impolites, impolites, impolites. When detach en from that word, we have the stem,

13:25 polites, polites. When en is removed, we have polites. Next we have is unhealthy, on healthy. Please take

13:37 with of this word, it is never pronounced as unhealthy, as most students pronounce.

14:02 Those who have this swim brother, swim brother, which is spelled as healthy, swim brother,

14:11 which is spelled as this healthy, healthy, ticknuts, ticknuts class. Now, the TH here represents

14:21 this sound, phi sound. It represents this sound, represents this sound, phi sound, ticknuts. So,

14:31 it is not LD, it is not on healthy, brother, it is on healthy, on healthy, then the second one,

14:41 you do say healthy, do say, I am healthy, no brother, you say, I am healthy, I am healthy,

14:48 healthy, ticknuts, not healthy. So, we have healthy, sorry, we have unhealthy,

14:58 I have discussed polites and impolites. Next is unhealthy, the prefix there is on, which is

15:05 UN. So, when you detach UN from healthy or when you detach UN from healthy, when UN is removed,

15:13 we have healthy, healthy. Next is disappoint, disappoint, disappoint. When this is removed,

15:26 we have a point. So, this time is a point, while the prefix is this.

15:33 Now, adding a prefix to a word, meaning prefix is at the beginning, adding a prefix to a word,

15:45 that is at the beginning, changes it into another word. And, most times, the prefix only changes,

15:54 or alters the meaning of the word, to which it is added.

15:58 Probably, it doesn't change the lexical characteristic part of each of such, well, what does this mean?

16:06 It means, most times, the attachment of a prefix to a word, sometimes, and most times,

16:13 change the meaning, but it doesn't change the lexical category. Yeah, lexical category talks about

16:24 the parts of speech. Look at it. We are unhealthy. Unhealthy is an adjective. Please don't say adjective,

16:32 adjective. Now, unhealthy is an adjective. Healthy is equally an adjective. Both of them maintain

16:41 the same lexical category, that is, both of them maintain the same part of speech, adjective,

16:48 adjective, both with different meaning. That is what this passage is talking about. It is,

16:56 adding a prefix to a word at the beginning, changes it into another word. And, most times,

17:03 the prefix only changes, or alters the meaning of the word, to which it is added. And,

17:10 this doesn't make it, you know, switch from one part of speech to another part of speech.

17:18 A good example, possible, impossible. Possible is an adjective, impossible is equally an adjective,

17:27 but the meaning, the meaning of both of them, you know, changes. Possible, positivity, impossible

17:35 negativity, both of them still maintain the same lexical category. I mean, the same part of speech.

17:45 Now, we have for example, when the prefix you and it's added to the word apti, it creates the word,

17:51 the word on apti. Here, both words are adjectives. The same lexical category, both with different

18:01 meanings. Up is an adjective, on apti is equally an adjective. Both of them do not maintain the same

18:09 meaning, but they share the same lexical category. I mean, the same part of speech.

18:17 Now, this is particularly in the study of languages. A prefix is also called a performative,

18:25 because it alters the form of the words to which it is affixed, that is attached to. A prefix is called

18:34 a performative. What is a performative? In this sense, performative is also

18:41 do with changing the form, like healthy or nothing other. Okay, let's have healthy. When you

18:49 attach the prefix you and to healthy, it changes its form and from healthy, it moves towards on healthy.

19:01 Now, next example, we have healthy changes towards on healthy. Okay, then we have possible changes towards

19:10 impossible. We have discipline changes towards in discipline. You see, the i n, the prefix i n

19:20 has changed the form of discipline towards in discipline. Now, with these prefixes, the form of

19:31 words has changed, meaning they have given us new meanings, possible with attachment of i m t is

19:41 as given us the meaning of negativity. So, meaning impulsive.

19:46 Here is a prefix can be derivation, creates in a new way with a new semantic meaning and sometimes

19:58 the different lexical category, that is part of speech. Prefixes can be derivation look at,

20:04 can be derivation, and creates in a new way with a new semantic meaning, because it's healthy.

20:10 When I add u n to healthy, it creates a new way that is on healthy and as it creates a new way which

20:18 is on healthy, it gives us a new semantic meaning, that means a new meaning, which is different from

20:24 healthy. Now, giving us the negative parts on healthy and sometimes it may change the

20:31 lexical category, that means the path of speech. Prefixes like all other affixes are usually bound

20:38 morphemes. Prefixes like other affixes are usually what they are bound morphemes. Next is another

20:48 moment, what we are running through a mind is what is bound morphem? What is a bound morphem?

20:56 Quickly, I will just explain that and then it gets it. What is a bound morphem?

21:08 You see, we have it on the board on the screen. A bound morphem is a morphem that can appear only

21:15 as parts of a lecture expression. A bound morphem is a morphem that can appear only as parts of

21:24 a lecture expression. Examples, u n, i n, r e, d r s, t r u, and it is c. Where is formation?

21:36 Examples, okay, we have unproductive. A bound morphem is a morphem that can appear only as a part

21:43 of a lecture expression. That means a bound morphem is a morphem that means an affix that cannot stand

21:53 on its own, just like what I said earlier on. u n cannot stand on its own. So it has to be attached

21:59 towards a word like "productive" and that gives us what's unproductive. So it cannot stand on its own

22:06 if it is not attached to word. We have insensible, insensible. The bound morphem there is in

22:16 constantly its own. We have proclaimed. The bound morphem them is proved. We have claimed. So attach

22:22 them. We have proclaimed. So bound morphemes are affixes. And then I said they are inflections

22:33 or attachments that cannot stand on their own. So insensible, proclaim, disrespect, and resurface.

22:42 Next is the opposite of a bound morphem is a free morphem. Meaning that freeing brother of a bound

22:52 morphem is what? Free morphem. Now what is a free morphem? A free morphem is a morphem that

22:59 can stand alone as a word. It is also called an bound morphem or a free standing morphem.

23:06 Example, dog. Dog is a free morphem. It can make an independent meaning on its own.

23:17 Even before there is an attachment or before you attach an affix to it, as it sees this way,

23:25 it can make a meaning on its own. So this is a bound morphem. A good example. Next is farmer.

23:31 Farmer on its own, before you attach it to make its farmers, is independent and can make a give us

23:41 a meaning on its words on its own. Next is ticcia, dyspursor, killer, book, cellar, American, ecc.

23:52 The word prefix is it served mid-op of the stem meaning attach in this case. And the prefix

24:01 3RE meaning before. So here we are told that prefix is served is mid-op of the stem. This stem is

24:10 fixed. Then the attachment is what? Free. So both of which are derived from Latin roots.

24:20 Now we have prefix RE UN PRO and their meaning RE again. But example, replace it, review UN

24:33 opposites. It means UN is opposites. So we have undo on usual. The MF Pro Pro means forward or

24:40 supports. So we have proactive. We have pro now. Aim not. This means negative not impossible.

24:48 Ms. Bad. This means bad. This means wrong. So we have mislead, misstep, misinform, mismanage.

24:55 We have pre, before, preview, pre-history, non-north, non-fiction, non-sense.

25:02 Now, haven't gone through and studied what's a prefix is. Assignments will be given,

25:09 you know, so assess how far you have understood things that have been discussed or treated.

25:16 So the first on the list of the assignments is what is the difference between bound and free

25:24 morphine? Tell us what's understand by, bound morphine. I think only tell us what's understand by

25:30 free morphine. Next is make five words with this derivation prefix. They are right in the brackets

25:38 UN, Ms. R E and D I S. Then number three, construct three sentences with the words formed.

25:47 So, so far these are the three assignments you were given and then you go back to what's

25:55 been discussed. Why do you need your assignments? Thanks for watching. I'm Mr. Kenny. See you next time.