00:02 Good afternoon, everyone.

00:12 My name is Jeremiah.

00:13 I'm taking you on a subject, government,

00:16 and the topic I'm taking you before now

00:18 is electoral system.

00:21 At the end of this lesson, students should be able

00:23 to know the following definition of a electoral system,

00:26 least type of electoral system.

00:29 This calls the advantages and disadvantages

00:32 of each system.

00:34 To know what is electoral consultancy,

00:38 to know what is electoral malpractice.

00:40 Now we're going to go into the topic

00:43 properly what is electoral system.

00:45 Electoral system, an electoral system may be defined

00:50 as a process or method through which people

00:54 or a particular country elect their representative

00:58 into different political office or position in government.

01:02 It also includes the condition and processes

01:07 for the maintenance, for the nomination of candidate

01:11 for elective posts, including procedure and rules

01:15 of election.

01:17 Now electoral system, this is a method

01:20 whereby we elect our representative

01:23 to represent us at the end of a fair.

01:26 In different tiers of government

01:29 and different what organs of government.

01:33 Now we're going to be looking at the characteristics

01:37 one after the other.

01:38 Number one is independent body.

01:41 Now the i-neck officials are independent on their own.

01:44 The government should not in a fair

01:47 and then discharging their responsibility.

01:51 Number two, constant periodic election.

01:54 There should be regular and periodic election

01:57 as the political leader in the constitution.

02:00 This will help remove any bad government in power.

02:03 What is constant or periodic election?

02:06 We all know in Nigeria a periodic election

02:08 means the election may be like four or four years.

02:11 On our periodic election here is done

02:13 between the number of four years.

02:15 We have in other country they have like six years

02:17 but Nigeria's the political in our constitution

02:20 is every four years.

02:22 So the body is allowed to conduct

02:25 this election without any interference

02:28 from the federal government.

02:30 Now consultancy, it is important for delimitation

02:37 of the country into consultancy.

02:39 We have what we call consultancy.

02:41 Now a community is a community that make up

02:45 a what a consultancy and each consultancy

02:48 have what representative that will represent them

02:51 at the end of a fair.

02:52 Either at the state level or federal level.

02:55 Universal adult sovereign, if you can't remember

02:58 of explain this adult sovereign

03:00 when I was explaining to you franchise.

03:02 Adult sovereign is right given to every adult

03:06 to vote and be voted for.

03:08 Does every qualified citizen

03:11 are given the right to exercise the word in franchise?

03:14 Voting should be conducted without any fear.

03:21 Every interest group in the society.

03:23 All interest groups in the society should be well represented.

03:27 Every interest group in the society should be well represented

03:31 by whom what they are broadcasting their vote for.

03:34 Public display of voters' list.

03:36 Now before the election is being conducted,

03:40 you have to go and read the software of voters.

03:42 Before then at least will they display

03:44 if your name is there or not.

03:46 If your name is not there,

03:47 you have to go to the INAC office

03:50 at the local level to lay a complaint

03:53 while your name is not being listed.

03:55 And if your name is being listed,

03:56 you have to also go to the same office

03:57 where they will give issue you your voter's card.

04:00 Or at times they might display some section,

04:05 whereby you won't collect your voter's card.

04:10 Continual vote is done by this body.

04:13 Secret biloting.

04:17 This method of election should be adopted.

04:20 In this system, secret biloting is adopted.

04:22 That was almost all of what is the system.

04:25 They are adopting because it does not induce violence.

04:30 Political education.

04:31 Political education is a system whereby the citizen

04:33 are what educated on their right as a citizen.

04:38 Now, secret biloting.

04:40 This method of election should be done.

04:42 Should be what adopting.

04:44 Now, secret biloting is a system whereby

04:46 you vote secretly whereby nobody

04:49 know what you are voting for.

04:53 Now, political education is just for you to know

04:56 your political right as a citizen.

04:59 Every citizen should know their political right.

05:03 Material relation, material relation, EEG,

05:07 like bailout balls, bailout papers, impaired,

05:11 polling booth, ETC are provided.

05:14 All these materials are provided by this commission

05:19 because they are one responsible

05:23 in conducting election in any country.

05:27 Now, types of electoral system.

05:30 We're going to be looking at the types of electoral system here.

05:34 Single member constituency and single vote.

05:38 This system is usually referred to as

05:40 first past the post of simple majority system.

05:45 It candidate has the highest number of votes

05:48 cast to win the election.

05:50 Britain, USA, Canada, ETC are example of this system.

05:57 Whether any candidate that has the highest vote

06:02 is declared winner under this system.

06:10 Single members and second bailout.

06:13 Filion of any candidate to receive absolute majority

06:17 at first bailout.

06:19 The second one is held with the weather.

06:24 Candidates either choosing or being required to retire.

06:28 Sociality is done in front.

06:30 My suggestion whereby relation is being conducted

06:36 and there is no absolute winner,

06:39 there is a second relation will be done

06:42 to determine who is the winner.

06:48 Single member with preferential votes.

06:52 This system allows the electorate to place their candidates

06:55 in order of preference.

06:57 Now, there's also an order of preference

06:59 that some candidates are put under the order of preference.

07:04 Although people might be seeing the body

07:07 are trying to be biased, no.

07:09 It is according, it is stipulated in the award constitution.

07:15 Proposional representative.

07:17 The essence of the proportional representative

07:20 is a located seat in proportion to the vote.

07:25 Now, this seat is being allocated according

07:28 to the award constituency.

07:30 So every constituency have a seat that they are

07:35 supposed to occupy.

07:37 So you cannot say you are from this constituency.

07:40 You want to go to another constituency to register.

07:43 No, it is not done later.

07:45 The list system, the electorate vote

07:51 for a list of candidates presented by a political party

07:55 and each party, when the numbers of seats in that constituency

08:00 are according to the vote cast for that list.

08:04 Now, under this system, the electorate

08:10 are giving the privilege to cast their vote for their right

08:15 for candidate.

08:16 As Joseph have said, every constituency,

08:19 you can only be on constituency as they

08:21 want to come on vote for this.

08:22 Let me just say, for example, all seats

08:25 now can be taken as a constituency.

08:27 A gay gay can be taken as a constituency.

08:35 Single transferable vote.

08:37 This system, this system that has some resemblance

08:41 with the alternative vote system,

08:43 allocates quota to candidate contestant election.

08:49 Every candidate contestant for this election

08:53 have allocated quota for each vote candidate.

09:00 Each vote as I spread it to nobody candidate in order

09:04 of his preference, when the voters, when the votes are counted.

09:09 Any candidate that has seen his required quota,

09:13 the remaining vote will not be wasted,

09:17 but will be transferred to another candidate following him.

09:22 Let us say, for instance, now, if a candidate

09:25 did not follow the right procedure,

09:27 or if he has seen the number of votes,

09:29 that number because they have a particular number of votes

09:31 he must reach.

09:32 So once we have seen the number of votes,

09:34 the remaining will be transferred to another candidate.

09:41 Merit of proportional representation.

09:43 Number one stays proportional representation.

09:46 The proper consideration of each vote cast,

09:50 making the nation one by one votes,

09:53 does nobody should vote more than one time.

09:57 It is democratic. The system makes for it through democracy.

10:01 The people are involved in decision making,

10:03 thus the masses are also giving the privilege

10:06 to be involved in decision making.

10:09 Equal with proportional representation,

10:14 permit all seats to be given equal with.

10:17 All seats are given equal with.

10:20 No one is above the order.

10:23 It widens voters' choice.

10:24 The choice of voters is widened, especially in the multi-member

10:29 constituency.

10:30 Every constituency being given the privilege

10:36 to vote for their rightful candidate.

10:41 Propulsion of representation.

10:42 This reflects the view of all areas.

10:46 Now, all areas are being viewed,

10:49 irrespective of who you are.

10:55 It is a truly representative government.

10:57 The system ensure a truly representative government.

11:02 Now, the system gives room for a full participation

11:08 of the government towards the masses.

11:12 It permits free expression, proportional representation,

11:15 also permits free expression of individual opinion.

11:18 Your opinion is welcome here

11:21 because what we are practicing is pure vote democracy.

11:27 Now, we're going to look at the merits now.

11:30 Number one, weak government.

11:31 Since each state or party is represented according

11:36 to its population, a weak government may be produced.

11:39 Does every citizen see the government maybe weak?

11:42 So, if the government are weak, does every citizen

11:44 and does everything necessary for the nation or the citizens to voice

11:48 out to pour out their mind?

11:50 First assumption.

11:52 Propulsion of representation is based on false assumption.

11:58 Complex electoral system.

12:00 It is difficult and seen as a complex electoral system.

12:04 This system is two-- very two-years--

12:07 that's what they mean by complexity.

12:10 Emergency or splinter groups.

12:12 Many splinter groups may emerge in this system.

12:16 There's a lot of groups that are likely to be

12:20 emerged in this system.

12:22 It's produced party discipline.

12:28 This is because representative are representing

12:31 the interest of the electorate, so in most cases,

12:35 they tend to disregard party and directive

12:39 on issues about the electorate.

12:42 At times, those who are representing

12:44 because they are voted by the electorate

12:46 tend to put the masses in mind.

12:49 As a result of this, they can go against the rules of the party.

12:54 And when they are going against the rules of the party,

12:56 in respect of the adunee writing,

12:58 there's everything necessary for the party

13:00 to call them back to order.

13:04 Popularity system.

13:05 Popularity system is also referred

13:07 to as first pass the post of simple majority system.

13:11 In this system, the candidate who's call the highest number

13:15 of vote is term elected.

13:18 Now, the representative who's call the highest vote

13:22 is declared the winner because of his popularity.

13:28 Now, we're going to be looking at advantages

13:30 of popularity system.

13:31 Number one, simple voting.

13:34 This, this, the simple voting procedure

13:37 enables voters to vote directly

13:40 or against a particular candidate or party policy.

13:45 It gives you the room to vote whoever candidate you want,

13:48 directly.

13:50 The procedure of voting.

13:52 The procedure is so simple that it

13:55 appeals to both the electorate and the electorate electorate.

14:00 Those who cannot read and write also

14:01 can also participate in this.

14:03 There's no discrimination.

14:05 It produces a winner.

14:10 The system produces a winner after the force by--

14:13 after the force by-law, they will definitely be a winner.

14:17 It is economical.

14:19 It saves money, time, and energy.

14:22 It's very economical.

14:23 You don't have to spend too much of money.

14:26 Political stability-- it encourages political stability

14:29 through the elimination of smaller political parties.

14:33 Now, there's tendency for the smaller political party

14:37 to give way.

14:39 And this gives room to the bigger world's political party.

14:44 It encourages strength of party organization.

14:50 This is because it emphasized competition among political parties

14:55 rather than candidate.

14:56 Now, this brings about competition among various political parties.

15:02 The use of few parties--

15:06 it prevents the existence of many parties

15:09 and remove the tendency for coalition government.

15:14 Now, this system-- it prevents the existence

15:18 of too much political parties.

15:21 So it gives room for just a few parties

15:25 to be involved on that system.

15:27 That's why we say the use of few parties.

15:30 Now, this advantage is a plurality system.

15:33 Number one, rigging.

15:35 There's a possibility of rigging the election in this system.

15:38 There's every possibility for the election to be rigged.

15:42 Number two, inefficient and unpopular politicians.

15:46 They may win the election hiding under the popularity of the party.

15:51 There's some candidates that are nowhere known.

15:53 But at times, the party can give them

15:56 the ethic for them to win the election because the party is

15:59 known by the citizen.

16:01 People are not voting because of the candidate.

16:03 They are voting because of the party.

16:08 The system does not produce results that

16:11 reflect the wishes of the majority.

16:14 Now, the majority-- maybe they have a particular candidate

16:17 they want to vote for.

16:18 It does not give the reflection of the people

16:20 mind. On popular government, the system may entrown a government

16:26 that is not popular.

16:27 This system, it gives room for them to entrown a party

16:32 or a government that is not popular.

16:37 Second-by-law system.

16:38 This system involved two-by-law.

16:41 At the first instance, the successful candidate

16:44 is required to obtain an absolute majority of the vote

16:48 cars. That is, 50%.

16:51 If this was not obtained by any of the candidates,

16:55 a second-by-law is required.

16:57 And those who have unaccepted or how

17:03 results would be eliminated.

17:05 Now, this instance-- now, let us say, for instance,

17:09 if the false election is being conducted,

17:10 and there's no courts winner, at least 50%.

17:15 It's every tendency for them to rerun election.

17:19 And that rerun election is where we finally

17:23 would get the final winner of the election.

17:26 The alternative system-- in this system,

17:31 each voter is given the permission

17:34 to indicate his choice of candidate in order of preference.

17:38 First, second, and third.

17:41 If there is no absolute majority,

17:43 the candidates whose call lists can be dropped.

17:47 And his vote distributed to order candidate,

17:50 according to the second preference of the voter.

17:54 Let us say, for instance, now any candidate whose call--

17:57 the list-- now, let us say now 42 of them.

18:01 The other one, they will use the order candidate number

18:06 to distribute to order party.

18:08 And the other one whose call, the list number of votes,

18:11 will be dropped, where the order will be considered

18:16 for the final election.

18:21 Absolute majority system-- in this absolute majority system

18:25 of voting, a candidate must call more than half

18:29 of the votes cast before he can be declared the winner.

18:33 So for it to be declared winner, he must call half--

18:36 more than half of the vote before he can be declared winner.

18:40 Let us say now, more than half can be 59.

18:43 If you have 50-- and let us say if you have 558,

18:49 and the represent is having 57, you cannot be declared winner.

18:53 You must call above the half before you can be declared winner.

18:59 Advantage is of absolute majority system.

19:02 It is a reflection of the wishes of the people.

19:06 If reflects the wishes of the majority,

19:10 it is the popular choice of the people.

19:13 It is-- the popular choice of the people,

19:15 I mean the people, and voted for this person

19:18 to represent them at the end of a fair.

19:22 No room for unpopular candidate.

19:25 The system does not allow for an unpopular candidate

19:29 to get elected easily.

19:31 Now, those candidates who are not popularly and no,

19:34 are not given the privilege to be elected.

19:37 For you to be elected, you have to be popularly known

19:40 by the citizen.

19:41 It produced credible candidates.

19:46 It produced credible candidates judging

19:50 from the outcome of the election.

19:53 You must be a credible candidate for you

19:57 to win this election because you're not going to be--

19:59 know how they can broadcast their vote for you.

20:02 And that's where each party will want to make use of a candidate

20:05 that is known to the people that is accountable.

20:08 We are going to be looking at it as advantages

20:13 of absolute majority system.

20:16 It is expensive and time-consuming.

20:19 If there is no winner in the false violates,

20:22 another voting will be conducted for this

20:25 is expensive and time-consuming.

20:27 There is, for instance, a election is being conducted,

20:29 and there's no winner.

20:31 Another election will be conducted.

20:33 And mind you, one is being involved

20:35 in printing of this material.

20:37 That's why they say it is very expensive and time-consuming.

20:43 Regal of results.

20:44 This system can lead to regain of result.

20:48 Now, this system can give room for election

20:52 my practice whereby one candidate can be favor

20:55 and the place of another vote and candidate.

21:01 Elitracy.

21:02 Absolute majority system cannot work effectively.

21:05 We are most of the electorate electorate.

21:09 Now, this system is not applicable,

21:10 especially whereby some of the electorate

21:14 are not educated into no favor than because it

21:19 has to do with those who are what

21:21 educated to know what they are to do.

21:24 If you're not educated, that means you

21:25 cannot fit in this system.

21:28 On necessary delay.

21:30 The result of the election can be delayed.

21:34 It can be delayed is if there is no winner

21:37 after the first ballot.

21:39 Let me say, for instance, when the election is being done

21:42 and there's no clear winner, there's

21:43 every tendency for them to redo the election.

21:45 And redoing the election is also time-consuming.

21:49 So as a result of this, it can bring about a delay.

21:53 Voters are party.

21:58 Voters whose candidates we are dropped

22:01 and the first ballot may not wish to participate

22:04 in the second ballot.

22:05 What is a party?

22:07 A party when you have a dislike for something.

22:09 Now, you have a candidate in mind.

22:11 And you have to call the first ballot.

22:13 He was unable to imagine a winner.

22:16 The electorates may develop a kind of dislike

22:20 to continue with the election.

22:21 And this is where a party comes in.

22:23 A party-- you can have a party for anything.

22:25 We have some people that have a party to policies.

22:28 As a result of it, because of your rival candidate,

22:30 have dropped.

22:31 You might not want to participate in anything

22:34 like a election again, because the candidate

22:36 you have in mind have been dropped.

22:39 Tension and violence, absolute majority system

22:42 may lead to political tension and violence.

22:45 There's every tendency for the atmosphere

22:48 to be full of violence and so on and so forth.

22:51 And that is where the government

22:52 have to be very careful and make sure this security agency

22:58 that are put in place to avoid any kind of violence.

23:02 Now, we've concluded the lesson for today.

23:08 We're going to be looking at the evaluation.

23:11 What is the electoral system?

23:14 What are the types of electoral system?

23:16 Estling the advantages of two of the system.

23:21 Thank you for watching.

23:22 My name is Jeremiah.

23:24 Meet you next time.

23:26 [MUSIC PLAYING]