00:00 Hello everyone, I welcome you back to Biologic Class, a Remain Your Teacher Mrs. Akondi.

00:20 And today we want to continue with a topic from your senses.

00:24 Last week, in the last video, we were able to look at the topic from your senses.

00:32 We listed the organs that I involved and we were able to look at kidney function in

00:39 from your senses which include excretion, osmoregulation and acid-based balance.

00:45 Today we are going to continue talking about the kidney, but we will focus today on talking

00:51 about the diseases that affect the kidney.

00:56 At the end of this lesson, students should be able to list some of the diseases that

01:01 affect the kidney, state the causative agents of these diseases, list out some of the symptoms

01:09 of these diseases and also the remedy to the diseases.

01:15 Now let's look at some of the kidney diseases.

01:20 We are going to start today by looking at the disease called kidney stone.

01:28 Kidney stone is a disease that affects the kidney and when we hear the word stone, most

01:32 of the time we just think, oh, stone in our kidney, no, it's not actual stone in our kidney.

01:39 But when we talk about kidney stone, we are talking about anything that we obstructs

01:43 the kidney tube from letting out urine in the normal way.

01:50 It could be deposit of calcium in the kidney tube, it could be growth within the lumen

01:57 of the kidney tube, anything that obstructs the kidney is called kidney stone.

02:05 Now kidney stones are materials that are found in the kidney that obstructs the flow of

02:13 urine.

02:14 When somebody has kidney stone, urine becomes painful.

02:21 So let's look at the symptoms of kidney stone.

02:27 If you look at the diagram of this kidney stone, this diagram is showing a normal kidney.

02:34 But when you look at it very closely, you will see that in this diagram, there are some

02:40 deposits of some material which we will explain as the kidney stone.

02:45 So if you look very closely, you see that in this region of the kidney, there are some

02:51 things deposited there.

02:54 These could be calcium deposits, it could be phosphate deposits that blocks the normal

03:01 flow of urine out of the kidney.

03:05 And this is what we refer to as kidney stone.

03:10 Now, the effect of kidney stone, if somebody is having kidney stone, how will the person

03:19 know or feel something is wrong with my kidney?

03:24 What are the symptoms?

03:26 One of the major symptoms of kidney stone apart from having difficulty in urinating is fever.

03:32 The person who tends to have fever, have stomach ache, vomiting, there will be dizziness, there

03:40 will be blood in the urine that has been passed out and then there will be severe back

03:46 ache.

03:47 Where you have difficulty urinating and you also have fever, you discover you have pain in

03:51 your stomach, your vomiting, feel dizzy from time to time.

03:56 You have little blood, your urine is colored like pink or brownish and then you are having

04:03 back ache, you can so sped but you are not a doctor, you cannot just come to concrete.

04:07 You are better, you can so sped that you are having a kidney stone.

04:13 So these are the symptoms of kidney stone.

04:18 Now, how do we remedy the situation?

04:24 To remedy kidney stone, you need to drink sufficient water and that is why we always advise

04:31 drink water, always drink water.

04:34 Some people will tell you it's glasses a day or whatever, I will not tell you the amount

04:39 to drink but just make sure that you have sufficient water in your body to pass urine regularly

04:45 because the deposit of this calcium and other things usually occur, one if you eat too much

04:53 hand substances in your food but not only that if you hold urine too long in your bladder,

04:59 it stops the kidney from doing its work because the bladder is full and by not doing its

05:04 work the calcium, the phosphate that you are supposed to excrete out now precipitates

05:10 out of the urine and the deposit inside the tube until the block it so drink sufficient

05:17 water.

05:18 Now, if the problem has already started, you are already having the kidney stone at that

05:24 time, drinking of water may not be able to solve the problem so you can use surgical operation

05:30 to remove the stone or some people can use drug to melt the stone and then excrete it

05:38 out.

05:39 At that time, avoid food containing a high concentration of calcium, like chewing bone, eating

05:47 gova with the seeds, such food should be avoided when you already have these symptoms and

05:54 also avoid anything that you eat that would be difficult to digest in your body.

06:01 So, if you do all this, it will help to solve the problem of kidney stone.

06:08 Now, let's look at another disease, duruses.

06:13 Duruses is a disease of the kidney that shows the symptoms of passing, copious urine.

06:22 You are always urinating and when I was talking about ADH control of osmo regulation, the function

06:31 of ADH in osmo regulation, I did mention a disease called diabetes insipidus.

06:36 They are kind of related.

06:39 In the father, in duruses, you are urinating frequently because the water in the urine is

06:48 not properly reabsorbed back into blood.

06:53 So, whether you dehydrated, your smoking pressure is high or not.

06:57 You still keep passing urine in duruses.

07:02 Most of the time, duruses is induced when people take too much alcohol and that is why people

07:08 advise to reduce the quantity of alcohol and I need to stay away from alcohol because alcohol

07:15 will cause the kidney not to function as it should and cause you to start passing out

07:23 copious urine which we call duruses.

07:26 So also, in people with a quiet shock, because of the protein deficiency, they tend to have

07:34 this problem with their kidney as well.

07:37 So, these are the causes of duruses.

07:40 Now, what are the symptoms of duruses, other symptoms?

07:48 Now, we have here the diagram of a kidney tube, the nerve form.

07:55 We see the Bowman capsule with the glomerulus inside, the proximal convoluted tube and the

08:02 distal convoluted tube and the loop of Henley.

08:05 Then, we have the distal and the collecting ducts.

08:09 So, when we look at this diagram, you can see that I said, if there is a dihiche, every

08:16 part of this will be reabsorbing water, but in the problem of duruses, the watery absorption

08:24 will be impaired.

08:26 And so, the nerve form is not able to reabsorb water and so copious urine is always passed.

08:35 Essentially, removal of this water from our body will lead to the symptom of high blood

08:43 pressure.

08:44 The stomach pressure of the blood will become high.

08:47 And once that happens, weakness will follow, loss of appetite will follow, fatigue will

08:52 follow, and if this is not taking care of, death may follow and that is why we must take care

08:59 of duruses.

09:01 Now, remedy, don't drink alcohol.

09:07 If you must take alcohol, ensure that what you take is not something that will affect

09:12 your kidney.

09:14 Then also, to control duruses, avoid for our environment, excessive cold environment like

09:21 you own your AC, you own your fan, all at the same time because you want the room temperature

09:26 to be so low.

09:27 Yes, you may get what you want, you may sleep where you may do other things where better

09:30 your kidney may be affected.

09:32 So, avoid using both fan and AC all the time.

09:36 And also, if the problem is with secretion of a dihiche or diabetes, because there is too

09:44 much sugar in your body, then treatment should be sought to treat the hormonal imbalance

09:49 so that duruses can be taking care of.

09:52 Then, other serons can be taken and all right, digestion of a dihiche can be done.

09:59 What if the kidney has failed completely already, then the easiest way to solve the problem

10:05 is by kidney transplant.

10:08 So, do it transplant, get another species kidney that can function with and life continue.

10:14 Now, we want to look at another disease, nephritis.

10:19 This is a disease that also affects the kidney, but this disease affects the kidney in a unique

10:29 way.

10:30 The uniqueness of this disease is that it is not a problem of the kidney to start with.

10:35 It could start with so-truth, bacteria in the throat, causing so-truth, releases toxins.

10:43 That goes carried by blood, goes to the kidney and inflame the glomerulus.

10:50 And once the glomerulus is inflamed, the ultra-filtration will be impaired.

10:57 And once ultra-filtration is impaired, normally when ultra-filtration takes place, blood cells

11:02 are not supposed to be filtered out.

11:04 Lash protein molecules are not supposed to filter out.

11:08 And also, the filtration is not supposed to affect any of the electrolytes that you have

11:17 in your body.

11:18 But when the glomerulus is inflamed, by the toxins released by this organism causing so-truth,

11:27 it causes blood cells to filter out with the blood, it causes protein to be lost from the

11:33 blood, and then the basin passes out urine containing blood cells.

11:39 Some even practically urinates blood, and that is the situation we refer to as nephritis.

11:46 How do we take care of this?

11:49 To take care of nephritis, one of the things you will notice if you are having nephritis

11:58 before we take care of fit is that, like I said, there will be blood in the urine, to passing

12:04 out blood with your urine.

12:07 Then, the kidney will become swollen and inflamed.

12:12 And because of fit, things that are not supposed to filter out, the water that is supposed to

12:18 filter may not filter very well, so there is water retention, causing the body to swell

12:23 in a situation which we call udema.

12:27 In this kind of swelling, when you press on the skin of the person having udema, normally

12:33 when you press on your skin, it is supposed to bounce back as you remove your hand.

12:36 But if somebody is having this water retention and the body is rolling, when you press on it,

12:40 it repeats.

12:42 So you press, you remove your hand, you discover that the impression of your hand is still

12:47 on the skin.

12:48 And that is what we refer to as udema.

12:51 So, Dr. Normali will just do that, and once you see this, your body is retaining fluid,

12:56 your kidney is not working well.

12:58 Then, when all this is happening, it's going to give you fever, it's going to give you

13:03 headache, it's going to lead to vomiting, it's going to lead to high blood pressure.

13:08 How do we now take care of this remedy?

13:12 When taking our fruits, ensure that they are properly washed.

13:17 Because some of these bacteria that can cause organism that can cause this sort of truth,

13:21 may cause it with your food.

13:23 Then, your water should be well treated.

13:27 Then, the situation can also be corrected by using the appropriate drug to treat the

13:36 infection.

13:37 That is the main cause.

13:38 The infection, the throat infection must first be treated so that the toxin will not keep

13:43 going to the blood to inflame the glomerulus of the kidney.

13:48 And, when you do all this, it will help in taking care of nephritis.

13:57 But, if all these do not work and the situation continues, there may be need for the dialysis.

14:02 Because, as you are retaining fluid, urea will be retained in the body.

14:06 So, there will be need for dialysis to filter out waste product from the body.

14:12 And, if things continue and the kidney fails, then there will be need for kidney transplant

14:18 to replace the kidney.

14:20 Because, if the throat is not taking care of and the toxins keep going to the kidney, a

14:26 tie will come when the kidney will fail completely.

14:30 And, the person will not be able to get that kidney to function again.

14:34 So, it is best to remove it and put another kidney.

14:39 The last disease we are going to talk about is edema or what we call drop C.

14:46 It is an abnormal accumulation of intracellular fluid in the body, due to the malfunction of the

14:56 kidney.

14:57 When the kidney malfunction and fluid is retained, I've mentioned edema before when we are talking

15:03 about nephritis.

15:04 Eudema is associated with many kidney disease, but we are taking it as a problem on its own

15:10 because it is the first symptom of kidney disease, retention or apart from durations where

15:17 you pass cupils urine, retention of fluid.

15:20 So, if the cells are not, the fluid is not properly filtered from the body and the cells

15:27 are retaining fluid, we pass through a condition called edema or drop C and the entire body becomes

15:35 swollen, the feet, the hand, they are swollen.

15:38 And, like I said before, if you press on it, it will pit and we not come back off.

15:45 And this will lead to other symptoms like fever, vomiting, high blood pressure and so many

15:53 other things that, if not properly taking care of, can end up in the death of the individual.

16:03 How do we take care of edema?

16:05 If somebody has edema and the body is retaining fluid, the easiest way to take care of it is

16:11 to give the person a drop call, lasses, that can extract fluid from the body and then the

16:20 person will now be able to urinate.

16:24 But if you have any edema, it is best to reduce your salt intake because too much salt in the

16:30 body can increase edema in the body.

16:35 So, reduce your salt intake if you are having edema.

16:40 So, with all this, we have talked about the kidney diseases, we end the class here for

16:47 today.

16:48 Don't forget, we talked about kidney stone, we talked about duracies, we talked about nephritis

16:54 and lastly, we talked about edema.

16:57 Till the next class, thank you very much, I remain your biology teacher, Mrs. Sarkandhi.