00:00 Hello students, my name is Uche Ugo. Today I'll be taking you basic science and the topic

00:22 is crude oil and petrol chemicals. At the end of this teaching there are certain objectives

00:32 which I hope you students should have achieved. The first objective is that you students should

00:40 be able to properly define crude oil and petrol chemicals. The second objective is that you

00:50 students should be able to list the various crude oil products and petrol chemical products.

00:58 The third objective of the teaching is that you should be able to conveniently explain the process

01:08 which is used in refining crude oil. Then the fourth objective is to be able to clearly state

01:19 several uses of these crude oil products. The fifth objective is that you should be able

01:29 to highlight some of the importance of the uses of these products. Now let's look at the

01:38 introductory aspects of this teaching. Now we are looking at Nigeria in context and each and

01:48 every one of you know that Nigeria as a country is a crude oil nation. Very popular we have

01:56 several mineral resources which we have blessed with other than crude oil. We have team, we have

02:03 coal which we find in any of who we have column by it. We have so many of them. Now we also have

02:09 limestone which is your calcium carbonate. Then crude oil which is our focus of today. Now crude oil

02:18 basically is a product that comprises two major elements or what you call constituents. It is called

02:28 hydro carbons and hydro carbons basically is talking about any compound that is comprised of

02:37 just carbon and hydrogen. So crude oil are hydrogen and carbon containing compounds only.

02:47 Now the thing about crude oil is that it occurs at the base of the earth which is referred to the

02:56 beneath which is referred to as beneath the earth surface. Now the color of crude oil is dark brown.

03:04 It is dark brown. Now another name for crude oil is petroleum. That is why the products are called

03:13 petroleum products. Now where you get crude oil is referred to as crude oil deposits also known

03:21 as carbon deposits. This is because the major constituent elements in crude oil is carbon.

03:28 So the amount of carbon in your crude oil product determines the fraction of the product which

03:37 you get from the crude oil as I will show in the letter slide. Now there is an assumption

03:45 that crude oil was gotten from deposits of animals and plants that died and were buried underneath

03:57 the earth from time in the warrior that is before the coming of Christ. That is an assumption which

04:05 we do not know if it is correct or not. Now crude oil like I said is a mixture of hydro

04:15 carbon. Now it is a liquid and it will remain a liquid under the right condition and what is

04:23 this condition? crude oil requires a particular pressure from the atmosphere referred to as atmospheric

04:31 pressure and room temperature for it to remain in its natural phase or liquid phase under its

04:42 deposits or underground reservoir. Then you can also do what you call separation using what you

04:52 call refining apparatus to separate them with a process referred to as fractional distillation

05:01 or atmospheric distillation. Disseparating facilities are used to achieve two things. The primary

05:09 separation and what we call secondary conversion. First of all you separate the constituent

05:15 element then at a particular temperature and pressure you convert from one fraction or one

05:24 product to another. Now we look at some places in Nigeria where crude oil is naturally found.

05:35 Although in these various locations crude oil deposits differ from one place to another.

05:42 Like if you look at a old dough reverse and biosa you find that crude oil deposits are more

05:53 there. We refer them to them as oil wells. These places tend to produce more crude oil that

05:59 is why the Nigerian government focuses on these places biosa we have rivers we have own dough

06:07 and maybe delta states. But in places like cross river do an emostate where crude oil was recently

06:17 found the deposits are not as much as those other states which I mentioned. Now like I said crude oil

06:26 is dark brown in its composition although the consistency varies from one location to another

06:34 and what is the factor for the consistency it depends on whether this crude oil is light or heavy.

06:42 As we move on I'm going to explain it different to light and heavy crude oil. That is to say we have

06:47 different varieties of crude oil softener but generally it is dark brown in color whether light or heavy.

06:56 Now I just mentioned something I said crude oil can either be light or heavy. Now what makes crude oil

07:06 light? Nigeria is said to be one or if not the best the country with the best crude oil

07:14 aside from maybe a country like Angola. This is because Nigeria possesses what is referred to us

07:20 so for free oil. So for free crude oil our crude oil in Nigeria is light that is why it is in high

07:28 demand from the in the international community. So light crude oil is that one which has low meta

07:37 constituents and low sulfur constituents or content. So when your crude oil is low in sulfur and

07:45 metallic compound it is said to be light and it is the ideal crude oil. Now this particular crude oil

07:54 tends to be light in color and the flow easily and it is because of the ability for the light

08:01 crude oil to flow easily. That is why it is regarded as the best because it is needed for some

08:08 activities such as use in vehicles and other activities. Now the heavy type of crude oil is the

08:16 one that has high meta constituents and also high sulfur content. This particular type of crude oil

08:25 a lot of countries run away from buying them because it is stressful. When you buy them you still have

08:31 to heat them. You still have to be heated using a large furnace apparatus. This heating is to

08:41 allow them become converted to liquid or fluid state because in this heavy state the metal and

08:49 the sulfur content allows them to be fused so at this point they cannot be used in fluid form and

08:58 because of that they are less expensive because cost is still involved in the heating process. So

09:05 this ones are less expensive than the light ones. Now let's look at petrochemicals. Petrochemicals

09:14 are those products which are obtained from crude oil but not every product are petrochemicals.

09:21 Why? Because petrochemicals have specific use what are their specific use for plastic

09:29 material production. So those particular chemical substances which are extracted from crude oil

09:37 that can be used in plastic material production are called petrochemicals and you need to know that

09:47 they are heavy. They are that heavy part of the crude oil or the petroleum resource. They are

09:53 heavy and a lot of them are gotten from the second aspect which I call secondary conversion.

10:00 Remember I mentioned primary separation then we have secondary conversion. Now crude oil

10:10 is a product that is in its natural state. That is why there is this referred to as crude oil.

10:17 What crude means natural? It has not been processed. Now what do you do to extract these

10:24 fractions or products? You have to refine. When you refine this crude oil in a refinery,

10:34 you obtain products which are called fractions. This separation like I said in the earlier slide

10:41 is obtained through a process called fractional distillation of crude oil or petrochemical

10:49 product. And the process which you use to carry out fractional distillation in a refinery

10:58 is called refining. Now let's look at this wonderful diagram on the screen that shows different

11:08 product and different heating points that allows fractions to be obtained during fractional distillation

11:16 of crude oil. Now if you look at this particular diagram, this is an apparatus. You can see different

11:25 pictorials or pictures. These pictures show different devices which different products

11:34 are used for. Now let's look at from the top. We have what is called the fractionating column.

11:42 The fractionating column is that point where there is a decreasing density and boiling point

11:49 within the fractional distillation apparatus. Then there is a lower point where you pass

11:55 in your crude oil. And when you are passing in your crude oil, you look at the arrow pointing downwards.

12:01 When the crude oil is being passed, there is an increase in density and boiling point.

12:07 So at the initial stage of processing, we have increased in density.

12:13 So you can clearly see that at the lower part of these apparatus, the crude oil is passed into

12:22 the apparatus through a zigzag pipe. And the density and boiling point is increased.

12:31 But during the filtration or the separation process at the top of the fractionating column,

12:38 there is decreased density and boiling point. Now look at different products which are obtained

12:45 at different layers of these distillation apparatus. And you see different temperatures

12:53 used to obtain different products. At the top, you see your liquefied petroleum gas,

13:00 which we use in our cylinder to cook. It is produced at 20 degrees Celsius. And you find that

13:11 carbon, which is a, we have five atoms of carbon is distillated to become nine carbon atoms of carbon,

13:22 which is required to form your liquefied petroleum. Then at a temperature of 70 degrees Celsius,

13:28 you see that five atoms of carbon is increased to 10 atoms of carbon to obtain petrol,

13:36 which is called gasoline. Your gasoline is used in your vehicles.

13:41 Now we have our paraffin oil. Also we have a carousine, which is also easily stored.

13:48 And we have the carousine, which is used as aviation fuel. This one requires 120 degrees Celsius.

13:56 And the carbon is increased from 10 atoms to 16 atoms. Now we have a diesel oil,

14:04 which we use in our larger vehicles like our shrinks. Also, diesel is used in listas. That's our heavy

14:12 generators. In this case, 170 degrees Celsius of heat is applied. And the carbon atom is increased

14:20 from 14 to 20. We also have our lubricating oil, which we use in tightening nodes.

14:27 This one requires 207 degrees Celsius heat. Then the carbon atoms are increased from 20 to 50

14:36 carbon atoms. Then we have our fuel fuel oil, which is used as ships for big large ships

14:45 and yards. The carbon atoms are increased from 20 to 70 at almost the same temperature

14:54 as that of the lubricating oil. Then our residues, which we have two substances, actually in

15:01 fractional distillation, there are the ones we call fuel traits. And they are the residues, which are

15:06 the solid materials obtained from your fractionating column. But the residues are obtained at a temperature

15:15 of 600 degrees Celsius. Your residues are examples of your asphalt, your bitumen,

15:21 you can see the diagram of your root being constructed or your houses, the roof of your house.

15:28 So these are products which are gotten during this particular process.

15:34 Now let's look at some uses, which we can put these crude oil fractions into.

15:42 Like we saw, while I was explaining the process and the temperature required for each fraction

15:50 to be produced, and the amount of carbon atoms that needs to be added for each fraction to be produced,

15:57 we also saw some pictorial devices, which these fractions or products are being used.

16:06 So for the petroleum gases, I said we used them for our cooking gases. We also, you have the one

16:12 we call acetylene flame that is used in your welding tone. There's all called tone. So when you see

16:20 a weld that they fix the electrode, the electrode is attached to the tone, which has a wire, which

16:25 is connected to a particular cylinder, the gas which that particular electrode uses is called

16:32 acetylene gas. It is a petroleum gas obtained during fractional distillation. We also have the normal

16:38 petrol which we use in moving our cars. Then we have the carousine. I said we have two types of

16:46 carousine. We have the soft carousine which we use in cooking in our homes. We have the carousine

16:54 which we use for aviation fuel. Then carousine cars also be used in lanterns or lamps as we call them

17:03 yet to lighten them. Also, the carousine can be used in different devices, basically for cooking.

17:14 Now we have the diesel. The diesel is used for heavy vehicles like your trucks, your lorries.

17:23 We also have your trains. Then the diesel can also be used for generators. The bigger ones

17:30 call the listard. Then I mentioned the lubricating oil which we used in removing rust. For example,

17:40 your padlock has been roasted and you find it hard to open the padlock. So it pours some lubricating

17:47 material through the hole and allow it for some time to spread. And it allows the padlock to become

17:54 soft and soft to open. We use it also for loosening of knots. Then bitumen which we saw as our

18:03 residue, bitumen as far as which is used in road construction and roofing of houses. They are

18:11 called residues. Then we also have padding linings which is used as insulators. Remember I said

18:19 petrochemicals are used majorly for plastic production. If you see your wire, your copper wires,

18:26 notice that your wires which you use in your houses, they are padded. We call those padding linings

18:33 without the padding who have constant electrocution or shock people getting electrocuted in their homes.

18:40 So those covers which you see on your wires which look appear to be like grey colored or hash colored

18:48 are called padding linings. They are insulating materials which prevent the wires from electrocuting

18:56 you in your homes. So those insulating materials help you to prevent contact of your body

19:02 from the wires which are conductors or conduction materials. Then we also use petrochemicals

19:11 for making plastic items such as your sheer plastic chairs. We have the plastic tables

19:19 then your pipes which you use to run your boreholes and some other plastic pipes. Also we have

19:26 plastic plates. Now there are certain importance of this crude oil and petrochemical products

19:37 which we can find. Now some of these importance can be seen on the screen. One of the importance of

19:45 crude oil and petrochemicals is that they have helped Nigeria as a nation to develop

19:56 because the revenue generated from crude oil is channeled or is put into other sectors

20:03 other than the oil sector. You use the revenue or the money generated from the barrels of

20:08 crude oil which is sold to develop hospitals to construct roads. You use them to sponsor

20:16 students in government schools and other sectors of the economy. So development is one important

20:24 road that crude oil and petrochemical products ensure in Nigeria today. Also ending of foreign

20:33 exchange. Now foreign exchange ending is another essential importance of crude oil

20:41 because crude oil can be used to exchange or to trade another resource or resources with another

20:51 nation which has something which they can offer us. So we have crude oil so other countries

20:57 have their own products or resources or even cash which they can trade. So this crude oil

21:05 helps to ensure foreign exchange between countries and Nigeria. Also employment creation or

21:15 generation. Now because of crude oil the country has been able to employ

21:22 several people. For example, the refineries need human beings to operate them. So people are

21:30 employed in the refineries. Also crude oil byproducts such as your liquefied petroleum gas has

21:38 allowed employment of labor because a lot of people now have a center as well they stay to sell

21:47 gas cylinders and liquefied crude oil gas which people use to cook. And some other aspect we also

21:56 have people who are employed as security who guide the pipelines and so many forms of employment.

22:04 Crude oil has also brought about what we call industrialization in areas where it is found. Take

22:11 for example, in Biasa, in River State, in Ondo, in Emo State, Cross River as well as Edo State.

22:21 Because of crude oil the government brings in sets of what we call industries that help

22:30 to process this crude oil. Also generating employment and industrial activities within that area.

22:38 Also crude oil helps to provide raw materials for small-scale industries because like I said petrol

22:47 chemicals are chemicals that are used to manufacture plastic and this plastic is essential for small-scale

22:56 industry activities because plastic can be converted to rubber. Rubber is a synthetic plastic.

23:04 So all these things are very important for small-scale industries like such a water production

23:11 industries or rubber buckets and other industries that are small-scale. We also talk about international

23:20 recognition because of crude oil Nigeria is recognized as an opaque country that is a country that

23:28 produces oil. And this has made Nigeria to be recognized in the international scene.

23:34 Currently, if you go to World Health Organization, UNICEF, the G summit, Nigeria has a say because

23:46 we produce crude oil which is one of the essential products the world requires.

23:51 Also we talk about providing opportunity for technology transfer. Because of crude oil,

23:59 Nigeria has had to embrace different technology that is required for efficient refining processes.

24:10 Now, before me, I have some evaluation questions. The first question says, "Mention places where

24:18 crude oil can be found in Nigeria." The second evaluation question says, "Give the reason why

24:27 some crude oil are referred to as light crude oil." The third one says, "Define the time,

24:35 quotes and/or quotes crude oil fractions." The fourth evaluation question says, "Define the time

24:43 refining." Then, the fifth one says, "How is heavy crude oil converted to fluid?"

24:53 Thank you for watching. My name is Uche Ugo. Till next time.

25:05 (upbeat music)