00:13 Good everyone, my name is Jeremiah, I'm taking you on the subject government.

00:17 I will be taking you on electoral system.

00:20 So this is the continuation of the electoral system at the previous class now.

00:29 Now this is everyone at the end of this lesson.

00:31 This student should be able to know the following.

00:33 To know what is a electoral constituency.

00:36 To know what is a electoral, my practice.

00:41 Electoral constituency.

00:42 Now let's look at the proper definition of a lecturer constituency.

00:47 Electoral constituency may be defined as an election district carried out for

00:52 the purpose of representing the interest and opinions of people of the area and the parliament.

00:59 Division of a country into constituency is known as the limitation.

01:04 Now this geographic area we are now can be tagged as a lecturer constituency whereby people,

01:12 representatives at the end of a fair, we vote people to one representatives.

01:15 Every state have different constituency in Oshuji, we might likely to have like two or

01:23 three different constituency in a giga that is constituency.

01:27 Constituency comprises of geographical area that are occupied by people.

01:34 Now we're going to be looking at the factors that should be considered before

01:40 the limitation of a country into constituency or factors that affect the limitation.

01:47 Population.

01:48 A high density area may praise for a separate constituency even when the area is not large.

01:56 There's some areas where fighting for autonomous, they want to be and they want to be a constituency

02:02 of their own, they believe the constituency is large to be managed by one person.

02:09 Variety interest, some areas have been carved out as a constituency not for their large areas

02:17 or population vote.

02:19 Most importantly to satisfy the interest of minority, whereas of constituency, they have

02:25 been carved out because of the minority of the people living there just to favor them.

02:34 Graphic factors, this relates to the topographic of the area.

02:43 Now geographical factors is also a determining factor for a constituency.

02:47 I'll explain the geographical factor, a geographical factor comprises an area that are covered with

02:56 different people.

02:59 The area and cultural background, the people with the same historical background and of course

03:05 culture should be grouped together.

03:07 In the constituency before, for many constituency, you have to look at the historical background.

03:11 You don't bring, for example, you don't bring a giggy or usually to be one constituency.

03:17 You have to look into the award, historical background.

03:21 And they marry each other before you can group them to be one constituency.

03:29 Number of seats available, the number of seats available and to be allocated to each

03:33 constituency can be in flames, can influence delimitation.

03:38 Language also is another determining factor, you have to put the language into consideration

03:45 and it is most favorable when they are speaking one language.

03:49 And cultural and tradition, you have to put into consideration their customs and tradition

03:55 into consideration before forming or drafting out their constituency.

04:01 Religions of affiliation, you have to put into consideration their religion.

04:06 You don't have to go to areas that are mostly comprised of a particular set of religion

04:10 and you bring them together, there's everything they will know, have the same belief.

04:14 So when do you really have to put the religion into consideration?

04:20 Types of constituency, single member constituency or district system, it requires the election

04:26 of only one member into the legislature.

04:29 This system is done in every election.

04:32 Every voter is only entitled to one vote, Nigeria, Britain adopt the system.

04:38 Now single constituency, only given for just one month, one vote, you cannot vote more

04:44 than one time.

04:51 Merit of single members constituency, what are the merit?

04:56 Areas which return members to the legislature?

05:00 The constituency must be small enough to enable candidates to be known in a simple and

05:08 genuine way.

05:09 The item will be small in a way that people must know the person representing them, not that

05:14 you're going to bring somebody from another constituency to represent a constituency, does

05:18 not work like that.

05:22 Close level with his constituency, the system enables the elected member to keep in close level

05:28 with his constituency.

05:30 It must be in relate, you must have this personal relationship with the people living in that

05:36 constituency.

05:37 Because know you, simple and economic at this system is simple and economic especially for

05:45 the candidate.

05:46 It is very simple and economic because you know your candidate, at times you might not

05:51 even need to spend more because you already know your electorate.

05:56 Even though there's everything you might not know everybody, but the electorates know you.

06:02 It is more democratic this system, it is more democratic this way.

06:07 This is because the poor candidate is not at disadvantages as he would be in a large

06:15 constituency.

06:16 Now under the system, the system is democratic because it gives room both for the poor and

06:24 the rich to participate, there's no kind of discrimination.

06:32 Look at talent, it is more likely to encourage look at talent than the large, multi-member constituency.

06:40 In respect of whom you are in this single, it gives room for look at talent to participate

06:46 in this system.

06:49 Active interest in the political process, it encourage people in the community to value

06:55 active interest in the political process.

06:57 Now it gives people the avenue to develop interest.

07:02 So anybody can show interest under this system.

07:09 The merit of single members, representation of look at interest, it leads to the choice of

07:15 men who regard themselves as representative of look at interest, rather than, rather, that

07:22 of the country as a whole.

07:25 Because this gives room for a particular sort of people to come out to contest because

07:31 you might not have the privilege to come out for the country as a whole.

07:35 For example, the post of the presidency, what is your constituency?

07:40 You can stand, come out and people can vote you a.

07:46 Distortion of the system.

07:49 This could result in the election of the candidate through a priority system, just like by the

07:56 majority of voters.

07:58 Now, there's every tendency that the people might not like you.

08:01 So if they don't like you, there's nothing you can do about it, I mean, there's every tendency

08:05 that you'll know when the election.

08:08 The minority, they may not be adequately represented in the legislature.

08:14 This is one of the problems we are having the most come through, whereby the minority

08:18 are not represented at the aim of a fair.

08:24 As a member of the constituency, this refers to the types of constituency in which two or

08:29 more members of the legislature are elected at every election.

08:34 Each voter is entitled to two or more votes, depending on the number of candidates to be

08:41 elected from the constituency.

08:43 And the candidates with the highest number of votes is declared winner.

08:49 Now, this is mostly part of the situation whereby the constituency is lying.

08:54 They can have two people that will represent them.

08:57 And the person that has the highest number of votes is what they declare the winner.

09:05 Now, problems encountered in delimitation of constituency in West Africa.

09:11 In what's everyone we have in this problem?

09:13 We're going to be looking at this problem.

09:15 Number one, absence of accurate population census.

09:19 Many countries of the world, like African countries, lack, reliable, demographic, requires that

09:27 makes a quick table distribution of constituency possible.

09:31 As such, whereby proper census is not being carried out in an area, there's a kind of difficulty

09:39 in drafting out the constituency.

09:42 This is one of the problems we are having in West Africa.

09:47 Only accessible areas, the rivaling areas of Nigerian, revering areas of Nigerians are

09:53 not easily accessible and so cannot produce a realistic delimitation.

09:58 We have some areas that are not accessible because they are not accessible.

10:03 There's no how you can draft out a constitution.

10:05 This is one of the problems we are facing in Nigeria, especially when you go to some of

10:09 the eastern region, mostly cover with water.

10:13 So there's no how they can assess this area and this area we are having a very big challenges.

10:19 Not only in Nigeria and other parts of the world, ethnicity factors, every ethnic groups

10:24 might want to have its own constituency, in respect of the population of sites.

10:31 Every ethnic group want to have constituency because they believe having their own separate

10:35 constituency give room for water and what we call development.

10:43 Grouping to get of different interest problems may also come up when trying to group the majority

10:50 tribe with minority tribe.

10:52 The minority group may not cherish such ideas.

10:55 We are trying to combine the minority and the majority.

10:59 Definitely, the minority we cry out are, when you join us with the majority, they are likely

11:03 to oppress us as a result of the U.C., the minority crying out that we don't want to

11:08 stay with these people.

11:09 At the end of the day, there will be the one occupying the right post.

11:16 Electorama practice.

11:18 Electorama practice means bad or improper behavior, feeling to carry out a duty as expected

11:26 is also a mad practice.

11:37 Electorama practice can be taught as for the education of results.

11:44 This can induce violence in any country if it is not properly and the situation whereby

11:49 a candidate is not the rightful winner and the right person is declared winner.

11:54 So it can induce violence in any country.

12:00 Cosses of Electorama practice.

12:02 Poverty, you can see the level of poverty in West Africa is just too high that it can

12:09 give room for poverty because the citizen, anything you give to them, they find it very easy

12:16 to accept it because of the level of poverty in that country.

12:20 Literacy, the ability of most Nigerians to read and write have denied all of knowing what

12:27 is right.

12:28 You can see, especially in West African, majority of the citizens cannot read as a result

12:35 of this, have denied them of their right.

12:37 These are one of the causes of Electorama practice in West Africa.

12:46 Ethnic influence.

12:47 Most of the ethnic groups want to engage in one form of Electorama practice or the order

12:54 to have their people are the corridor of power.

12:57 Everybody wants their relative to be at the corridor of power.

13:01 As a result of these, there's every tendency for them to get the same involved in Electorama

13:07 practice.

13:08 Mind you this penalty if anyone is being caught.

13:13 It's a vanguard spending, unnecessary spending of public money by our politician is one

13:19 of the causes.

13:20 Our politicians spend a lot of money because they need that power.

13:27 Ovalentional politician.

13:29 Because our politicians are all for this reason, we want to get to office at all costs.

13:37 Because they want to get to office by all costs, they are ready to spend any money.

13:41 And that's why some of them you see when they empower, they try to embezzle money because

13:45 in the next election they want to make sure they are being were three elected.

13:51 Forstration.

13:52 Some politicians have lost election.

13:54 On several occasions, many times they engage in different, unlawful acts to win election.

14:00 We have some of our politicians because they've been contested in election, they've been

14:04 losing.

14:05 Maybe the last election they may want to get the same involved in Electorama practice

14:09 to make sure they win and they can get the same involved in a lot of any kind of atrocity

14:16 to make sure they gain that power.

14:21 Hitting foreign influence.

14:24 Some countries are secretly involved in sponsoring some candidate or political parties in

14:29 order country at what they stand to gain.

14:32 We have some foreign country, they might be sponsoring the particular candidate for them

14:36 to win.

14:37 Because when that person win, they stand the chance of gaining some favor from that particular

14:46 government.

14:47 Form of Electorama practice, we're going to be looking at the forms of Electorama practice.

14:53 Number one, the use of fake ballot papers.

14:56 Some politicians are seeking for power at all costs.

15:00 Because of their seeking for power at all costs is every tendency for them to use fake

15:03 ballot papers under age voting.

15:07 The age in Nigeria is 18 years and above.

15:09 In some cases, children below this age have been allowed to vote.

15:13 We all know in our countries, 18 years and above, given the privilege to exercise their franchise,

15:20 if you are not, if you do not fall in this age, you are not allowed to vote.

15:28 Individual scarcity of electoral material, some electoral officials, some electoral officials

15:38 could not, with some politicians, could create individual scarcity of electoral malpractice

15:44 in the areas they suspect their opponent are likely to win.

15:49 Now, they are likely to make some of this material to discuss, especially when they know their

15:53 opponent is winning.

15:54 So, they make this a material to discuss that they stand the chance of winning that particular

16:00 election.

16:01 Bribing, this is a set of offering money or gift to gain votes.

16:09 That's just to buy people's mind, give them money as a result of these, they can make

16:16 you the winner.

16:18 They use talks and intimidation.

16:21 Some politicians use talks.

16:23 They use talks to oppress their opponent as a result of any opponent that is not strong

16:28 enough is legal.

16:32 Fake manifestos, some politicians give fake manifestos in order for people to vote,

16:39 bemen office.

16:40 So, they give fake manifestos to the citizens as a result of these, just to be dear by all

16:48 me.

16:49 Still in electoral material.

16:52 They may decide to stay voters card and to keep them on to the election day, creating the

16:58 opportunity for their supporter to vote twice.

17:01 At times, they see some people's voters card as a result of these, really, you see people

17:09 voting more than one time.

17:12 You see some people voting twice or they are about.

17:16 Again, of election result, this is made possible with the help of electoral officials.

17:23 There's no how a candidate can rig election without the involvement of electoral officials.

17:32 Consequences of electoral mapratis.

17:35 What are the consequences?

17:37 Apatis.

17:38 Apatis, when you have this like for something, we have a lot of people as a result of this,

17:44 they've already developed this like in politics, so some of them do not get their self-involved

17:49 in election.

17:51 Corrupt leader, our leaders are corrupt as a result of these, some citizens don't want to

17:56 participate in election, or to critic leadership.

18:00 Some of our leaders are very or to critic in nature.

18:03 So, as a result of this, some citizens finally very difficult to participate fully in election.

18:12 Lots of life and property, you know, there's a lot of life and lots of life and property during

18:18 election.

18:20 Military intervention.

18:21 And this can bring about military intervention and when military intervention, these can make

18:27 people to develop this like in the country politics, international sanctioned section.

18:38 People can stand against any country or leaders that came into power through electoral mapratis.

18:46 International body can sanction any country that came into power through electoral mapratis.

18:53 We've concluded a lesson, we're going to look at the valuation.

18:57 The valuation stage will be understand by electoral constituency.

19:02 What is electoral mapratis?

19:04 Thank you for watching.

19:07 My name is Jody Meyer, good night's time.