00:02 Good day, everyone.

00:12 My name is Mrs. Pat Okolo.

00:15 I am your government teacher.

00:17 And the topic we have today

00:20 is interdependence of nation and globalization.

00:24 Now, let's look at the lesson objectives.

00:30 At the end of today's lesson,

00:32 you should be able to describe the community of nations,

00:37 the meaning of community of nations.

00:41 You should be able to state and explain

00:43 the purpose of interactions.

00:46 You should be able to mention the merits

00:49 of Nigerian interdependence and globalization.

00:53 You should be able to mention the disadvantages

00:56 of interactions among nations of the world.

01:00 Now, let's all see the community of nations.

01:04 What do we mean by community of nations?

01:07 Nigeria as a member of global international community

01:11 cannot operate successfully

01:14 without relating within the rest of the world.

01:18 This is one of the further, no country of the world

01:20 can exist in isolation of the rest.

01:23 And no nation can produce all their needs or desires.

01:28 This simply means that there is no country,

01:30 no matter how rich, no matter how advanced,

01:34 no matter how developed a country is,

01:37 there is no country that can be an island of its own.

01:41 There is one thing or the other that a country

01:44 can demand or need from another country.

01:47 That is just what it means.

01:49 The no country can be an island of its own.

01:52 No country can be isolated from another country.

01:55 There is always need for interdependence of nations.

01:59 There is always need for interactions of nations.

02:03 Therefore, interaction is necessary phenomenon

02:07 because of the mutual benefit from such exercise.

02:10 There is always benefit when a country

02:12 interacts with another country.

02:15 There is one thing or the other that a country

02:17 we gain from another country.

02:19 For these purposes, like other countries of the world,

02:22 Nigeria established embassies.

02:24 High commissions and consulates abroad

02:27 to protect the interests of the country in other countries,

02:30 just as other countries have theirs in Nigeria.

02:34 To facilitate this, to accomplish this,

02:37 to accomplish the interactions, Nigeria established embassies,

02:42 high commissions, consulates abroad.

02:44 The same thing happens to other countries

02:48 and what are the purpose of these embassies

02:50 in order to protect the interests of Nigeria

02:54 in other countries.

02:56 1989 publication of the Federal Military Government

03:00 four years of Babangida Administration,

03:03 Babangina came into power in 1985,

03:06 four years later of his administration,

03:08 summarized the priority issues of Nigerian foreign policy.

03:12 The abolition of apartheid policy in South Africa.

03:16 What is apartheid policy?

03:18 apartheid policy is racial discrimination or segregation.

03:23 And it was an official policy of South Africa as at that time.

03:28 So during Babangida's administration,

03:32 it tries to do or to abolish that apartheid policy,

03:35 racial segregation and discrimination

03:38 against the blacks in South Africa.

03:42 The enhancement of Nigerian relations

03:44 with member countries of European economic community.

03:48 The United States, the Soviet Union,

03:50 and other major industrialized countries

03:53 to increase the flow of foreign investments

03:57 and capital into Nigeria.

03:59 And continue to support for international organizations.

04:03 Babangina administration did already

04:05 support the international organizations.

04:09 Like we know, such international organizations,

04:12 like ACOAS, economic community of West African States,

04:16 OAU, organization of African unity,

04:19 non-aligned movement, NAN,

04:22 and other international organizations.

04:25 Relations with other African states

04:27 constituted the cornerstone of Nigerian foreign policy.

04:32 Then Nigeria's see Africa as the centerpiece

04:35 of their foreign policy.

04:36 So they are relations with other African states

04:38 also constituted the cornerstone of their foreign policy.

04:44 So the Ministry of Festana Affairs

04:47 was directly responsible for foreign policy

04:50 formulation and implementation.

04:53 Ministry of Festana Affairs,

04:55 they were directly responsible for the formulation

04:58 of Nigerian foreign policy.

05:01 And we also have so many others.

05:03 In addition to this, we have the immediate staffs

05:05 and the interest groups, leaders, academic, chance,

05:09 top military officials, religious leaders, and journalists.

05:13 This was also contributed,

05:15 a contribute in the formulation of Nigerian foreign policy.

05:20 The elites also contribute in the formulation of the foreign policy.

05:27 In 1986, a conference to which every stratum of this elite

05:31 was invited was held to review Nigerian foreign policy

05:36 and recommend broad policy frameworks

05:38 for the 1990s and beyond.

05:41 Several factors condition Nigerian foreign policy.

05:44 There are some factors that condition Nigerian foreign policy.

05:49 The first factor is ethnic and religious mix of the country.

05:54 As we all know, Nigeria is a country that is made up

05:58 of about 250 ethnic groups.

06:00 And we have different religious backgrounds.

06:03 So this is one of the factors that condition

06:08 the formulation of Nigerian foreign policy.

06:11 Niger found it difficult to restore diplomatic ties with Israel

06:16 and had not done so as of 1990 because of Muslim opposition

06:21 and sympathy with the rest of Arab Muslim world.

06:26 Secondly, Nigerian legacy as an ex-British colony.

06:31 Nigerian legacy as an ex-British colony is also one of the factors

06:37 that affects Nigerian foreign policy

06:40 with its energy producing role in global economy.

06:44 Pre-disposed Niger to the pro-Western on most issues,

06:49 that's why the desire to maintain a non-aligned status

06:52 to avoid neo-colonialism.

06:55 Because Nigerian was being colonized by the British.

06:59 So Nigerian initially was pro-Western.

07:03 In the sense that two countries came out

07:07 as the world superpowers, the Western and the Eastern.

07:11 Then Nigerian was pro-Western, they were for the West.

07:15 But when the British now colonized them,

07:18 it's tried to change their foreign policy.

07:22 So in 1990, this pro-Western posture was reinforced

07:25 by Nigerian economic diplomacy,

07:28 which involved negotiating trade concessions,

07:31 attracting foreign investors,

07:33 and rescheduling debt repayment to Western creditors.

07:37 Thirdly, the country's membership in and commitment

07:40 to several international organizations.

07:43 As we already know, Nigeria is a member

07:46 of so many international organizations.

07:48 And all these international organizations

07:50 helped also to shape their foreign policy.

07:54 We know those international organizations

07:57 like ECOWAS, economic community of West Africa States,

08:01 organization of African unity, OAU, non-aligned movement

08:05 in AEM and so many others.

08:08 It also helped to shape the foreign policy.

08:11 Then fourthly, and the most important,

08:14 as the most popular country in Africa

08:17 and the entire Black world.

08:19 Nigeria perceived itself as the giant of Africa.

08:24 So Nigeria see itself as the giant of Africa

08:26 because of the population,

08:29 because of all the resources they feel,

08:32 they say they say as giant of Africa.

08:35 And because of that, they take Africa

08:37 as the centerpiece of their foreign policy.

08:39 These factors are caused certain issues

08:42 to dominate Nigerian foreign policy

08:45 across various governments.

08:47 But each government has had distinctive priorities and style.

08:52 The foreign policy differs according to the government.

08:56 The government of today's foreign policy

08:57 might not be the same with the government of tomorrow.

09:00 So during the 1950s and early 1960s,

09:04 foreign policy aimed at proper behavior

09:07 in the international system.

09:09 And British authorities played a major role

09:12 in Nigerian foreign relations.

09:14 Consequently, the Balewa government

09:16 stressed world peace.

09:18 Tafal Balewa era was between 1960 to 1966.

09:23 So during that period of a foreign policy,

09:25 he stressed more on world peace.

09:28 He respected sovereign equality

09:30 and maintained non-alignment.

09:32 What is the meaning of non-alignment?

09:35 Non-alignment means non-commitment of the country

09:39 in both the western and the eastern block.

09:43 Based on the friendship with any country,

09:46 there took a reciprocal position after the first fall

09:50 of the first republic.

09:52 Critics asserted that the government

09:54 had been too pro-Western.

09:57 They believe that Balewa era of 1960 to 1966,

10:01 they have been too pro-Western.

10:04 In the sense that they don't go more on the western part.

10:08 What do you understand by the western part?

10:11 The western part are the USA.

10:15 The why the eastern part are the Soviet Union.

10:18 So they don't go more on the western part than on the eastern part

10:23 and not strong enough on decolonization or on integration.

10:27 And that the low profile had been embarrassing.

10:30 That was what it used to criticize that Tafal Balewa era

10:34 of 1960 to 1966.

10:36 That he believed more on pro-Western.

10:40 Nonetheless, go on continue to keep a low profile.

10:44 When go on took over, his own era was between 1966 to 1975.

10:52 During that period he kept a low profile

10:55 for operating within the consensus of OAU

10:58 and by following roots of quiet diplomacy.

11:01 The civil war between 1967 to 1970 marked a distinct break

11:08 in Nigerian foreign policy.

11:10 The actions of various countries and international bodies

11:13 during the war increased awareness of the alignment

11:16 within Africa and appreciation of the positive role

11:20 that the OAU could play in African affairs.

11:23 During that period of civil war between 1967 to 1970,

11:30 Nigeria trying to get the ammonitions that they wanted

11:35 from the western part, they did not really get it.

11:38 So they now diverted to the eastern part

11:41 in order to get the ammonitions that they need during the war.

11:45 So whereas white dominated African countries

11:49 have supported Biafra during the war,

11:51 those white dominated countries supported Biafra,

11:54 the OAU sided with the federation of voting for unity.

11:59 So the OAU stands proved helpful to Nigerian diplomacy.

12:03 Nigerians face tone to the Soviet Union for support,

12:07 as I said earlier.

12:08 Nigerians turned to Soviet Union for support after the West

12:12 refused to provide arms for two de federation during the war.

12:16 And after the war, a less pro-Western stance was maintained.

12:20 Before the war, it was pro-Western because they

12:24 based more on the western part, which was the USA.

12:29 But during the war, they tried to get ammonitions

12:33 from that western where they could not.

12:36 Because of that, they now faced the Soviet Union.

12:41 And after the war, the foreign policy

12:43 was then less pro-Western.

12:47 At the same time, Africa remained Nigerian top priority.

12:53 They see themselves as giants of Africa.

12:56 They see themselves as--

12:58 they see Africa as the centerpiece of her foreign policy.

13:02 So in the mid to late 1970s, attention

13:05 focused on the liberation of southern Africa,

13:09 on the integration of ECOWAS, and on the need

13:12 for complete economic independence throughout Africa.

13:15 These goals were included in 1979 constitution,

13:19 promotion of African unity, political, economic, social,

13:24 and cultural liberation of Africa, international cooperation,

13:29 and elimination of racial discrimination.

13:32 Since Africa was their centerpiece,

13:36 since Nigerians see themselves as the giant of Africa,

13:40 the giant of Blackways, they tried

13:43 to eliminate racial discrimination in Africa.

13:49 So now, let's all see the purpose of interaction.

13:54 Why is it their need for country to interact with another country?

13:59 Number one, economic reasons.

14:02 Non-nation is self-sufficient.

14:05 No matter how industrialized a nation is,

14:09 there must be something that a nation or country

14:12 can need from another country.

14:15 No matter how developed a country is,

14:18 there is something that a nation or country

14:21 can need can get from another country.

14:24 They, therefore, interact with others

14:26 in order to get these economic resources

14:28 they cannot get from their country.

14:31 The resources of the world are inequitably distributed

14:35 through economic interactions among nations of the world.

14:39 Naturally, the resources are not distributed equally.

14:43 What one country gets might not be what another country we get.

14:49 So that is why there is need for interactions.

14:52 When there is interaction between one country and another country,

14:56 you find out that such resources can be exchanged

14:59 and everything will be balanced.

15:01 So other factors that make economic interaction

15:05 among nations of the world imperative

15:07 include difference in climatic conditions.

15:11 The climate's conditions, climatic conditions of the world

15:14 are not the same.

15:15 It changes.

15:17 The climatic conditions of this place

15:19 can favor of one country, can favor one resources,

15:23 why it cannot favor another.

15:25 So the differences in climatic conditions,

15:28 one of the reasons that affect economic difference,

15:32 differences in skills and technical know-how,

15:35 differences in level of industrialization, quality

15:39 and quantity of labor force, they are not the same,

15:42 differences in the cost of production,

15:45 they need to expand markets.

15:48 Now, let us see another reason for interaction

15:52 or need why a country should interact with another country.

15:57 The next one is political reasons.

15:59 The need for security is one of the reasons

16:03 why nations of the world interact politically.

16:06 They need for security.

16:08 Nations of the world need to be secured.

16:11 Because of this, there is need for interaction.

16:14 Nations of the world come together to form association

16:17 and organizations that in order not to protect their territorial integrity

16:22 and domination by other countries,

16:24 but also protect human race for destruction.

16:28 Because of these political reasons,

16:30 that was the reason why many of the international organizations

16:34 have been formed.

16:36 Like organizations and league of nations

16:38 that was formed in 1919, after the first world war.

16:43 The first world war?

16:45 After the first world war, league of nations was formed

16:49 to prevent another world war.

16:52 But when the second world war took place again in 1939,

16:57 they now found that the league of nations

16:59 did not really meet up to the demand of its formation

17:03 and it was abolished, then UNO was formed.

17:06 Not Atlantic Treaty, organizations were so packed.

17:11 United Nations, African Union, non-aligned movements.

17:16 So now, the third reason for interaction

17:20 is social cultural reasons.

17:23 Social cultural interaction among nations

17:26 are aimed at fostering friendliness

17:28 among one another.

17:30 Exchange of cultural interactions entertainments.

17:34 These interactions can take place to sports,

17:37 games like the Olympic Games.

17:39 All these football competitions, volleyball competitions,

17:44 that we always go on in the world today.

17:49 Olympic Games, it is part of social cultural reasons

17:53 for interactions.

17:54 By so doing, it promotes friendliness.

17:57 It promotes love and also promotes world peace.

18:01 World competition, European championship,

18:04 these are the examples of sports competition that goes on.

18:07 Where African football union,

18:10 it can also take the form of staging, musical,

18:14 cultural festivals, like the festival of arts and culture,

18:18 festack, and musical shows by foreign musicians.

18:23 Now, let's all see the merits of Nigerian interdependence

18:28 and globalization merits.

18:30 You can also take it as an advantage.

18:33 Advantage is of Nigerian interdependence

18:37 and globalization.

18:38 Number one, political organizations.

18:41 Interaction between countries of the world

18:44 have led to the establishment of political organizations.

18:48 Unions, associations, and blocks as well as embassies

18:53 or high commission.

18:55 That is one of the merits of interdependence of nations.

19:00 Number two, friendly relations.

19:02 Countries of the world became friendly

19:04 when they relate and what situations we be prevented.

19:08 When there is friendly relations, we find that there will be.

19:12 There will be no need for another world war.

19:14 When there is friendly relations, when it countries interact globally,

19:19 we find that there will be no need for another world war.

19:22 It will help to promote world peace.

19:23 And when there is peace, there is no conflict.

19:26 Then we will be able to pursue beneficial interests.

19:29 Those friendly countries, we will be able to pursue things

19:31 that benefit both of the countries.

19:35 And when we look at all these, we feel that we see that

19:38 friendly relations is being promoted to interactions

19:42 of interdependence of nations.

19:44 Another one is technical assistance.

19:47 Countries can benefit technical and scientific assistance

19:51 from one another when they interact.

19:53 Like I mentioned before, no country can be an island of its own.

19:58 What a country is blessed, where Nigeria is blessed with today,

20:02 might not be what Ghana is blessed with.

20:04 So that is the reason why there is need for interaction.

20:08 Technical assistance, from time to time,

20:11 a country might need a technical aid from another country.

20:15 That is another merit of interdependence of nations.

20:19 And the only reduction of hostilities, hostilities in the world

20:24 are reduced to the barest minimum to interaction.

20:27 And this will promote world peace.

20:30 When hostilities are reduced, there will be no conflict.

20:33 There will be no war.

20:34 Peace will be promoted in the world.

20:38 Another point of limits of interdependence of nations

20:43 is its widening markets.

20:46 Interaction will increase volume of trade, buying

20:49 and selling of goods and services we increase.

20:52 As countries interact, as countries meet together,

20:56 they will exchange their goods and services.

20:59 By so doing the market we widen,

21:01 what a country cannot be able to produce,

21:04 we come in from another country and they will sell it

21:07 and make their profit and its widening markets.

21:11 Exchange of culture, social cultural interaction,

21:15 among the nations of the world,

21:17 lead to exchange of cultural efforts

21:19 and across fertilization.

21:22 Cultures will be exchanged.

21:24 As we see today, cultures are already exchanged

21:28 by the means of interaction.

21:31 Another one is increased value of national currency.

21:35 States that relate with exchange their currencies.

21:38 Those states that have friendly relations

21:40 with exchange their currencies,

21:41 with those of other states

21:43 that the value of such currencies

21:45 will increase and be known worldwide.

21:48 When states exchange their currencies,

21:51 those currencies will be known worldwide.

21:54 And it will also not just be known worldwide,

21:57 it will increase the value of such currencies.

22:00 Promotion of tourism.

22:04 Interaction, remember we are still in merits

22:07 of interdependence of nations.

22:10 Promotion of tourism.

22:11 Interaction will encourage tourism

22:14 in that people will visit tourist centers in other lands.

22:19 People will visit, use those countries as tourist centers

22:24 during their own leisure time.

22:25 They can go out for tourism excursions in those places.

22:30 This will promote friendly relations

22:32 and promote national economy.

22:35 Now, we are now in disadvantages of interactions

22:39 among nations of the world.

22:41 That is a saying that says anything that has advantage

22:44 has disadvantage.

22:46 Having done the advantages or merits

22:49 of interdependence of nations,

22:51 let's also see the disadvantages

22:53 of interdependence of nations.

22:56 Number one, cultural and social problems.

23:01 Through interactions in sports,

23:03 cultural concerts and so on.

23:06 Social problems such as immoral arts,

23:09 promiscuity, indecendressing, prostitution

23:13 and so on.

23:14 Social vices, all these social vices we see

23:17 could be exported into some countries.

23:20 Even diseases could be exported from one country to another.

23:26 Interference of state.

23:28 Another point of disadvantages

23:31 or the merits of interdependence of nations.

23:34 Interference of state.

23:37 Develop nations can still interfere

23:40 in the domestic affairs of the less developed nations

23:45 or developing nations.

23:47 They can still interfere in the name of interaction.

23:50 And that takes us to neo-colonializing.

23:53 Because of the economic benefits,

23:55 the less developed countries are derived from the developed ones.

23:59 They can still be interfering

24:01 in the domestic affairs of those less developed nations

24:05 and it is a problem.

24:06 Countries we benefit from one another.

24:09 Better by learning new things from other countries,

24:12 especially the advanced countries of the world.

24:15 So many things can be learned.

24:18 Both bad, evil can be learned as a way of civilization

24:24 and modernization and it is a problem.

24:26 Neo-colonialism.

24:29 Interactions among states.

24:31 Economically, politically,

24:34 can lead to neo-colonialism.

24:36 And this can make no sense of the hard-won independence.

24:41 What is neo-colonialism?

24:42 Neocolonialism is continuous dependence of a country

24:47 with their colonial masters.

24:53 A country that is already independent,

24:56 continues to depend on their colonial masters.

24:59 They contribute to the interfaith

25:01 in their domestic affairs.

25:03 And this makes no sense to the hard-won independence

25:08 of the country, of the developing states.

25:11 And the one is inferior or poly-produced groups.

25:14 Interactions among nations can lead to some developed nations

25:18 making some of those third-world countries

25:21 dumping ground for their inferior or fairly-used

25:25 or poly-produced groups.

25:27 They can use it as a dumping ground

25:30 for their fairly or poly-produced groups

25:33 or even as pious products, control or states.

25:38 Political and economic interactions

25:41 associated with the membership of some of the organizations

25:45 like United Nations Organizations, International Monetary Fund,

25:50 ETC can bring about control of the sovereign of less powerful states

25:54 as most of these organizations are controlled by big paths.

25:58 Control of states like all these international states,

26:01 international organizations rather.

26:04 Because of interactions,

26:07 countries are also members of one of the member states

26:11 of these international organizations.

26:13 In the name of interactions,

26:15 they can also be controlling the affairs

26:19 of these less or developing countries.

26:23 Knowing for whether those international organizations

26:26 are being controlled by the big paths.

26:29 Now, we have come to the end of today's lesson.

26:33 I want to ask you questions based on your assessment.

26:39 Number one, list and explain

26:41 three purposes of Nigeria's interactions

26:45 with the rest of the world.

26:47 Number two, state-fight merits and demerits

26:52 of Nigeria's interdependence and globalization.

26:55 Thank you for watching.

26:58 I am Mrs. Parts, Okulu.

27:01 See you next time.