00:10 Good day, everyone.

00:15 My name is Mrs. Pat Okolo.

00:18 I am your government teacher for today.

00:20 And the topic we have for today's lesson

00:23 is Conflict Resolution in Nigeria.

00:27 Now, let's also see the objectives of the lesson.

00:30 At the end of today's lesson, you should be able

00:34 to state the meaning of Conflict.

00:38 Or maybe explain the meaning of Conflict.

00:42 Number two, you should be able to measure the times of Conflict.

00:48 You should be able to state the causes of Conflict.

00:52 You should be able to measure the consequences of Conflict.

00:57 You should be able to state the conflict resolution ways

01:02 on how to resolve Conflict.

01:04 You should be able to explain the meaning of Peace.

01:08 You should be able also to state the mechanisms of promoting Peace.

01:13 Now, let's also go to the meaning of Conflict.

01:17 What is Conflict?

01:19 Conflict is the breakdown of harmonious relationship,

01:24 arising from clash of interests,

01:27 breakdown of harmonious relationship,

01:30 arising from clash of interests.

01:33 Conflict can also be defined as a misunderstanding

01:38 or disagreement between two or more people.

01:42 When there is a harmonious relationship,

01:45 and at the long run, it is being broken.

01:48 There is a clash of interests.

01:51 That is what we call Conflict.

01:53 Or maybe there is disagreement

01:55 or misunderstanding between one person and another person

01:59 or group of people that is also called a conflict.

02:04 Conflict, therefore, could be seen as the absence of Peace.

02:09 Conflict is opposite of Peace.

02:11 When there is Peace, there is no conflict.

02:14 When there is conflict, there is no Peace.

02:17 Conflict can also arise between couples.

02:20 People that are places where conflict can arise at home.

02:26 Conflict can arise between couples.

02:29 Work pays.

02:30 Officies.

02:31 In the officers conflict can arise.

02:34 In the social clubs, like road trip clubs of Nigeria,

02:37 conflict can arise.

02:39 In communities, conflict also can arise.

02:43 Countries like Nigeria can also have conflicts.

02:47 Political establishments, political organizations,

02:50 government, there can also be conflicts.

02:54 Understanding the basic types of conflicts that may all call

02:59 in your daily environment can help you

03:02 avoid disagreements or lend the best way to deal with them.

03:09 Now, let us see types of conflicts.

03:12 Number one, non-violent or peaceful conflicts.

03:16 Non-violent or peaceful conflict is

03:19 conflict that does not involve the use of force.

03:22 In this type of conflict, it does not involve the use of force.

03:26 But sometimes it is based on certain rules and regulations.

03:31 For instance, when a group of workers

03:34 and their employers disagree over salaries,

03:38 we can call it non-violent or peaceful conflict.

03:44 They can decide to show their grievances in one way or the other.

03:48 By so doing, that social, such type of conflict

03:52 is called peaceful or non-violent conflict.

03:56 A trade dispute is set to exist between the workers

03:59 and management.

04:01 Also, during sports competitions,

04:05 like some of those times in a fan of one club,

04:09 football club or the other, during competitions like this,

04:13 non-violent conflicts can arise.

04:16 This type of conflicts also exist in form of competitions,

04:19 like school debates.

04:21 When there is school debate, we know school debate is a competition.

04:25 Conflicts non-violent or peaceful conflicts can also arise.

04:30 Peaceful demonstration by students

04:32 of higher institutions of lending.

04:35 When there is peaceful demonstration,

04:37 it can also known as non-violent or peaceful conflict.

04:42 Like what happened in Nigeria recently?

04:44 The answer is protest.

04:46 It is also an a good example of non-violent or peaceful conflict.

04:53 Number two, violent conflicts.

04:57 Violent conflict is set to be violent

05:00 when it is not set to peacefully.

05:02 When the conflict is not set to peacefully,

05:06 it can result to violence.

05:08 And you know the being of violent, the use of force,

05:10 it can result to be use of force,

05:13 which is violent conflicts.

05:16 And this force is, it is not being controlled, can lead to war.

05:20 Example, the 1967 civil war in Nigeria.

05:24 We have so many things we are lost.

05:27 Nigeria till today has not recovered from the losses

05:31 of the civil war of 1967 to 1970.

05:38 People we are killed, lives we are lost, properties we are destroyed.

05:44 Number three types of conflicts is relationships.

05:48 Conflicts within friends or family members

05:50 are often caused by miscommunication.

05:53 When there is a communication gap,

05:55 it can lead to conflicts.

05:58 And that is what will relate to relationship

06:01 as a type of conflict.

06:04 Another one, number four, is interest.

06:07 Conflict of interest.

06:09 And described as a disagreement or type of competition,

06:14 where the needs of one ignore or ignore over the needs of other.

06:18 When there is clash of interest, it can result to conflicts.

06:23 So such conflicts of interest may be defined

06:26 as those involving psychological needs over resources,

06:30 such as time or money or those in which

06:33 there are disagreements over the way problems are addressed.

06:37 Sometimes there is a way problem can be addressed.

06:42 It can result to clash of interest.

06:44 And such type is called conflict of interest.

06:49 Number five, values.

06:53 Conflicts in values often seen between individuals

06:56 raised in different cultural or religious backgrounds.

07:01 So many in Nigeria, for instance, we have over 250 ethnic groups.

07:09 These 250 ethnic groups, we came from different cultural backgrounds.

07:16 We have different religious backgrounds, different understanding.

07:20 And from all these different opinions over rights and roles,

07:24 can result to conflicts.

07:27 Conflict of often arise when one person tries to enforce his own set of values on another.

07:35 When one tribe or ethnic group is trying to enforce his set of values to another person,

07:43 it can result to conflict known as values.

07:47 Number six, leadership.

07:51 Leadership and managerial size differ among individuals.

07:55 We have different leadership skills.

07:59 The different leadership skills can lead also lead to conflicts.

08:03 It can cause conflicts in the work of environment.

08:06 In the work environment, many factors determine leadership size

08:11 and may include personality, expectations,

08:14 and whether or not the leader encourages feedback and opinions of others

08:19 or is more autocratic or directive in time.

08:23 So many leaders are autocratic in nature.

08:26 Why so are democratic?

08:29 By so doing, especially the autocratic ones

08:33 always have conflict in their leadership size.

08:36 Try to make people do the right thing they are supposed to do.

08:41 The way a man that we present in it can result to conflict.

08:46 Number seven, personality.

08:49 Clashing personalities may create conflicts as school, home, and work.

08:55 Perception and emotions lead a large role in whether or not you may

08:59 like or dislike someone's personality.

09:03 Someone can look at you and dislike your personality

09:06 for no just cause, for no just reason.

09:09 Such a thing can result to conflicts.

09:13 Number eight, style as not a type of conflict.

09:19 A person's method of completing tasks or goals may lead to conflicts

09:24 in any scenario. You can be laid back

09:29 why your partner is eager to get something

09:32 done which can create conflicts.

09:36 Decide our method of doing the things.

09:40 Our method of completing our goals differs.

09:45 And these differences in this method can result to conflicts.

09:51 Or your team member may be task oriented why you are more creative.

09:56 This can also cause conflicts.

10:00 Number nine, ethics. Ethical conflicts can be defined

10:05 as external factors influencing a decision or something.

10:10 For instance, bridging confidentiality is considered

10:14 on ethical in medical field.

10:17 As a medical practitioner, they believe in secrecy.

10:22 A nurse who knows something private about a sick patient may feel

10:27 and on ethical and ethical conflict about revealing that knowledge

10:32 to someone else. Even if he knows that information may be used to aid

10:37 or save that patient. Because it is on ethical

10:43 for her as a nurse to release personal information.

10:48 You can decide to hide it. So such conflict is known as ethics.

10:54 Now, having treated types of conflict,

10:58 let us see causes of conflict. What are those things that can result

11:05 to conflict? Number one, selfish selfishness.

11:10 Selfishness often goes with cheating. What is selfishness?

11:14 Selfishness simply means when somebody is trying to gain advantage,

11:20 not minding how another person feels. That is selfishness.

11:25 It can result to, it can cause conflict. This will normally generate

11:29 conflict because the person cheated will negatively react to claim

11:34 what belongs to him. A selfish person will always want to cheat

11:40 another person for his or her own advantage.

11:44 Somebody cheated. My desire to react to claim what he has lost.

11:48 By so doing, it can result to conflict. Number two, resources.

11:55 When individuals or group compete for resources,

11:59 such as money, materials, usually it can result to conflict.

12:05 When individuals or group compete for resources, when they compete for something,

12:10 businessman, workers, when they complete for materials

12:14 for something, such a thing can result to conflict. Number three, lack of

12:20 cooperation. In a group, there is need for cooperation.

12:25 When people fail to work together as a team, in every group, there is a need

12:30 to work together as a team. When such a thing is not seen,

12:34 it can eventually lead to disagreement, misunderstanding and division,

12:39 which we also cause conflicts. Number eight, territory.

12:45 When people or groups of people are competing over a particular boundary to their land,

12:51 it brings about conflict. Deferences in boundaries, differences in

13:00 territories about land, especially land, buildings can result to conflict.

13:07 And it has caused a lot of harm in our society. Sometimes it can lead

13:12 to untimely death, destruction of that land, and so many evil things.

13:16 So such can cause conflicts. Number five, lack of religious intolerance.

13:26 Lack of religious tolerance, brother. Conflict arises. We have religious groups

13:30 cannot tolerate one another. A situation whereby in Nigeria, we have

13:35 different religious groups. We have the traditionalists.

13:40 We have the major religious group. We have in Nigeria. We have

13:44 three main religious groups. Christianity. We have Muslims. We have traditionalists.

13:50 When there is, when this religious group, there is no tolerance

13:56 among them. It can result to conflict. At least they argue and fight over which

14:02 religion is the best. Sometimes they can fight over which

14:06 religion is the best. We tend to impose a particular religion on everybody.

14:12 This has created so much conflict in Nigeria. A situation whereby

14:16 the Christians wants to force everybody to be Christians, it can result to

14:20 conflict. Or maybe Muslims want to make everybody

14:23 or force everybody to be Muslims, it can result to conflict.

14:27 So, a religious tolerance is one of the causes of conflicts in Nigeria.

14:35 Number six, value-based conflicts. This, in other words, could be seen as conflict involving

14:43 values. It is based on what a person believes in.

14:48 It is based on what a person believes in. Individuals may be involved in

14:53 conflicts over values. Defending their positions strongly,

14:58 sought values include transparency, honesty, fairness, equity.

15:03 This value based on conflicts. Number seven, communication gap.

15:11 When needed information is not supplied at the right time or received to the wrong

15:16 channels, conflicts may arise. When there is a communication gap in any

15:21 organization, in any working place, in school, whenever there is a group

15:26 and there is communication gap, it can result to conflict.

15:30 Or maybe there are information going to the wrong channel. Instead of going to

15:35 the right channel, going to the wrong channel, it can also cause conflicts.

15:40 Number eight, bad leadership. When leaders are greedy, selfish and

15:47 insensitive to people's plight and suffering, it can cause conflicts.

15:53 The people eventually we revolve through violent protests to show their

15:57 displeasure. As a matter of fact, it has been the reason for many

16:02 students' riots in Nigeria. Many of the riots that has been recorded in Nigeria

16:08 is because of bad leadership. Particularly during the military regime,

16:13 even in the civilian regime, it is still happening. So many demonstrations,

16:17 violent demonstrations we see today are as a result of bad leadership.

16:22 So bad leadership is one of the causes of conflicts. Number nine,

16:29 laziness and inefficiency. If laziness and inefficiency are noticed

16:35 in some people in a group, if it is being noticed in some people in a group,

16:40 the diligence and hardworking was, we begin to protest. When in a group,

16:46 some people are lazy and efficient. Why some people are diligence and hardworking?

16:52 When they notice it, we find out that the people that are

16:56 diligence and hardworking, it's from there they can revolt and they can start

17:02 saying things against that. By so doing, conflicts can arise, especially when they

17:08 receive the same pay, package and also when the lazy was received promotions

17:13 or recognition that they had working once, it can also cause conflicts.

17:19 Number 10, criminal activities. Criminal acts such as fraud,

17:25 kidnapping, rape, immorality, murder, we definitely cause serious conflict in the

17:32 society. When there is all these things happening in the society,

17:36 kidnapping, killing or necessarily, raping, fraud, immorality, murder, so many

17:44 social biases going on. People can decide to take laws by themselves which can

17:50 result to complete in the society. Number 11, conflict also can arise in groups,

17:58 association and between groups as a result of differences in opinion.

18:03 When there are differences in opinion among groups, it can also result to

18:08 conflict. Now, that brought us to the end of conflicts

18:16 in Nigeria. Let us see peace education. What is peace? Like I said before,

18:24 when I was explaining conflicts, that conflict is a position of peace, dissenting peace is an

18:30 opposite of conflict. When there is peace, there is no conflict. When there is no

18:34 conflict, there is no conflict, there is peace. So peace is a state of harmony

18:40 characterized by lack of violence, conflict, behaviors and freedom from

18:46 fear of violence. Peace is where there is lack of violence,

18:51 where there is lack of conflict, behaviors where there are freedom of

18:56 and from fear of violence, when everything is settled, when everything is normal,

19:02 that is what peace, the meaning of peace, commonly understood as the absence of

19:07 hostility. Peace also suggests the existence of

19:11 healthy or newly healed interpersonal or international relationships,

19:17 prosperity in matters of social or economic welfare, the establishment of

19:23 equality and a working political order that serves the true interest of all,

19:30 mechanisms for promoting peace. The following are the ways peace

19:36 can be promoted in a society. Number one, tolerance.

19:42 People must learn to be up with others in their shortcomings.

19:46 This is to say that they must learn to understand their behaviors, needs or

19:51 customs, and try to keep calm when they are provoked or annoyed.

19:57 Refuse to be drawn into any fight, disorder or conflict just to ensure peace.

20:03 Tolerance is one of the ways by which peace can be promoted in our society.

20:11 Everyone of us, we have different behaviors, we have different characters.

20:17 If we really want to promote peace in our society, there is need for us to tolerate

20:21 one another. Tolerance our religious belief, Tolerance our cultural

20:27 beliefs by so doing, will be able to promote peace.

20:32 Number two, social justice. Irrespective of one's ethnic group,

20:38 social or economic background, in netting our justice, there must be equity.

20:44 Treat people the way you would like to be treated.

20:47 When there is justice and faith play in a society peace can achieve and sustain.

20:53 The short form of this social justice is this.

20:56 Treat people the way you would want people to treat you.

20:59 By so doing, you have peace. None of us wants to be treated badly.

21:04 If I know I don't want to be treated badly, I should not treat another person badly.

21:10 By so doing, we can promote peace in our society. Number three,

21:14 human rights. Everybody have equal rights to justice.

21:18 All citizens of this country have equal rights to justice, equity and faith play.

21:25 Therefore, everyone's rights must be respected.

21:28 Notwithstanding the social status, ethnic origin or tribe,

21:34 we should do what we should respect one another's fundamental human rights.

21:41 By so doing, we are promoting peace in our society.

21:45 Now, we have come to the end of today's lesson.

21:53 It is, let me ask you questions based on your evaluation,

22:02 at least for you to assess yourself. Number one,

22:06 state six courses of conflicts. Number two, discuss on four courses of conflicts.

22:14 Number three, explain the word peace. Number four, state the mechanism

22:21 that can be applied to promote peace in our country in Nigeria.

22:26 Thank you for watching. I am Mrs. Pat O'Colo. Till next time.

22:36 [Music]