00:00 Good day everyone, my name is Adekunle, I'll be teaching you chemistry.

00:18 The topic now is standard separation techniques.

00:24 When chemist carry out experiments, they produce either a pure softance or an impure softance.

00:30 A pure softance is made up of only one softance or only one component and has no other softness

00:36 mixed with it.

00:37 If it's mixed with something, then it becomes a mixture because the mixture contains two

00:42 or most of the substances that are not chemically combined together.

00:47 That makes it different from compound, a combination of two or most of the substances

00:52 that are chemically combined together.

00:55 So because a mixture is officially combined, then we can apply standard separation techniques

01:00 to separate them.

01:02 That's why you see chemists often need one of the products in a mixture and if they need

01:07 one of the products, how can they obtain it?

01:09 Is it by material or separation techniques?

01:14 The text is therefore used for separating mixtures and don't forget what I told you about

01:19 this mixture.

01:22 Misture is when two or most of the substances are combined physically or when they are not

01:26 chemically combined together.

01:29 What are the separation missions we are going to look at?

01:31 The first is filtration followed by evaporation, decantation, flotation, flotation, crystallization,

01:40 fractional crystallization, distillation, fractional distillation, precipitation, magnetism, chromatography,

01:49 sublimation.

01:50 It will be very interesting if you can follow.

01:54 The first one, filtration from the word filter paper, certainly, filtration will make it

02:01 of filter paper.

02:02 It is used to remove solid impurities from a liquid solution.

02:07 Solid impurities from a liquid solution and how do we go about this is achieved by the

02:11 use of filter paper placed on top of the funnel and then you pour your liquid solution that

02:16 will contain your solid impurities.

02:19 Then when you pour that, the impurities will stay on the filter paper and, ideally, representing

02:25 what?

02:26 Your residue while you obtain your clay solution in the flot, clay solution called filtrate.

02:34 Sodium chloride solution with some particles of sand can be separated by this method whereby

02:39 the sand will stand as residue and your sodium chloride solution, that is your soft solution,

02:45 to represent the filtrate in the flot.

02:49 What is the application of this?

02:52 It is applied in the propagation of water, also in the presence of air, prior to what?

02:57 Liquid fraction.

02:58 You first pre-fight air before you liquefy it.

03:02 Then you remove all of, and then you remove all of particles from oil.

03:06 Those particles will stay or wipe it or it will come down.

03:11 The next separation technique is evaporation to dryness, evaporation to dryness.

03:18 The method is used to recover a solid solution from a solution.

03:22 For example, the recovery of solid solution from the solid solution got in from the beach.

03:32 The solution is usually heated in an evaporating ditch, placed on a triple stand, then the water

03:37 will vaporize and escape to the atmosphere.

03:40 In this part of separation, water is usually sacrificial, which implies that you suddenly escape

03:47 to the air and then it's gone.

03:49 We sacrifice this.

03:50 Why the solid will remain in the ditch as your sodium chloride are used at home?

03:55 This method is for solid that cannot be decomposed by it.

03:58 If it can be decomposed, if it can be decomposed by it, then you won't apply this method.

04:03 Probably such as sugar let's 2,000 nitrate, 5, and ion 2/3 of the sea will decompose on

04:11 it.

04:12 So they can be used, they can be used as evaporation to dryness for softness, for soft compound.

04:21 Then the application is, it is used for obtaining salt from the sea.

04:25 Dry, by evaporation of evaporation, you can obtain salt from sea water and also in production

04:31 of dry meat and starch.

04:35 The tall separation techniques is the plantation, picture it when you want to separate your particles

04:43 of Gary from the real Gary.

04:46 This method is used to separate a mission of solid and liquid, we separate into two distinct

04:51 layers on standing.

04:54 Where you leave the standing, you see the solid down where you see the liquid all.

04:58 So the opaque liquid can be poured in another container, leaving the solid in the first container.

05:05 If you do that, you will discover that you just try to separate the water content above

05:12 from the one down, from the solid down, like I gave you an example of when your Gary solution.

05:18 Then this kind of separation, the plantation can be applied also in the purification of water

05:24 and also to remove wave from the cold when making cheese, I know you know it cheese.

05:30 The next separation techniques is flotation, is what, flotation whereby we have two insoluble

05:38 solid of different densities, two insoluble solid of water, differences and can be separated

05:44 by this method.

05:45 What is density?

05:46 Then you talk about, I don't say V, or it is light.

05:50 The two solids are mixed in a liquid like water.

05:53 If you meet them, one is denser than the other.

05:55 The less dense, we shatter the fluid on the liquid, why the denser one, we sink.

06:00 That is one is lighter than, water is heavier than one of them, why the other one is heavier

06:05 than water.

06:06 Do you want heavier than water?

06:07 We set it down.

06:08 Why the one lighter than water will be untold.

06:10 Then the mixture of sodas and sand can be separated by this method.

06:14 Picture it.

06:15 Sodas, we shatter the fluid, why sand?

06:18 We set it down.

06:19 Then you have the mixture of sodas and sand just pour water to separate them.

06:25 The sand we set it down, the sodas we move to the top, flotation, we float.

06:30 The application is to separate mineral from waste material or from another mineral.

06:38 The next separation techniques is frustration, which is also called freeze concentration.

06:44 We said this method is for obtaining pure water from a solution, especially those containing

06:50 solid that can decompose on it's end.

06:55 Because the solid can decompose on it's end, it's end is not applicable, it's end is

06:59 not effective for such separation, therefore freeze concentration is the best option for

07:05 you.

07:06 The solution is put inside an evaporating heat and allow to cool to a very low temperature

07:10 in a freezer.

07:13 The pure water freezes out of the mixture in the form of pure water crystals and a concentrated

07:19 solution is left in the dish.

07:25 Where can we apply freeze concentration or frustration?

07:28 It's to concentrate food products with very delicate flavors or rich aroma such as food

07:34 juice, tea and coffee.

07:35 Eating will not be suitable here.

07:38 Rather you apply freeze concentration in wastewater treatment to separate clean water from waste

07:46 material.

07:47 The clean water with freeze out of the mixture, magnetic separation that you see magnetism.

07:55 From the word magnet, sometimes it's a magnetic, why some other substances are non-magnetic.

08:02 This is usually used for separating those that are a mixture that has at least one component

08:08 to be magnetic.

08:09 Whereby just introduce your magnet to capture those that are magnetic, the surface of the

08:14 magnetic, leaving those that are non-magnetic.

08:17 For example, look at whereby you have a pin inside or some iron particles inside your rice

08:26 or inside your beans.

08:27 How can you separate this mixture?

08:30 Because deep your magnet, through your magnet inside, it will attract those iron particles

08:37 or those news, leaving your beans or leaving your rice.

08:41 So magnetism sometimes can be separated from non-magnetic substances by bringing a magnet

08:45 close to the mixture.

08:47 Then the application is to remove magnetic impurities from thin ore and to remove all the

08:54 and now the application is to remove magnetic materials from domestic waste, distillation,

09:03 distillation is separation techniques that also have another fraction of wheat, which is

09:09 called fractional dissolution.

09:11 This method is used to obtain pure solvent from a solution.

09:16 Let's not forget what is a solution.

09:18 A solution contains solute and solvent.

09:21 Then the solvent can be most times liquid or freeze like gases.

09:25 Why most of the time, the solute is usually solid.

09:31 Sometimes it can be liquid and in few cases it can also be gas.

09:37 It is also used for separation of miscible liquid with widely undue far apart boiling

09:45 for what does this mean.

09:52 The mixture can be used for separating mixtures of different varieties of a wide difference

09:54 of their boiling point.

09:56 The mixture is based in the common dissolution apparatus, you set up the dissolution apparatus

10:00 and then you eat, you apply it and the one that asks, the component that asks more low

10:08 boiling points will first go into the condenser and then into the flasks that are used to

10:16 obtain it before getting to the boiling point of the second one.

10:20 That is why we see the most active undue far apart boiling point.

10:24 We said liquid component with the lower boiling point will come out first as a vapour collected

10:30 into the condenser to the liquid condenser, sorry, and then the other liquid we still remain

10:36 because it asks, I have boiling point, if you see the main, in the flasks that you are

10:40 eating.

10:41 Okay, each liquid will be collected into different containers because the first liquid will

10:46 come out and finishes after its temperature has passed, after its boiling point has passed,

10:51 leaving the second liquid to be obtained later.

10:56 Application of dissolution in the portion of the steed water, the steed water means a

11:01 very, very pure water used in the laboratory for experiment.

11:05 So also to obtain pathway from fermented sugar in the production of water, gene.

11:12 After dissolution, we have fractional dissolution, fractional dissolution.

11:20 The metal resistance was separating two or more miscible liquid with small differences,

11:26 not more than 10 degree sessions apart in their boiling point.

11:30 Yeah, in compared to dissolution whereby you have on due far apart boiling point differences,

11:37 yeah, you are both small differences, for example ethanol and water.

11:45 In the laboratory, the fractional dissolution column is now attached to the distillation

11:49 settle compared to ordinary dissolution, we don't have the fractional dissolution column,

11:55 yeah, we have the fractional dissolution column because the temperature difference is not

11:58 more like distillation, it contains many glass beads which provide the last surface for

12:04 the condensation of vapor.

12:06 And then the liquid with the lowest boiling point we still distill first, followed by water,

12:11 the ones with higher boiling point, and then you can use many liquids, I mean, different

12:15 liquids can be mixed together and be obtained at different times based on their boiling

12:20 point.

12:21 And then the fractional dissolution column we oppose to actually ensure that there is no mixture

12:27 because of the causes differences in their boiling point.

12:33 The application is to obtain ethanol from fermented liquid and also to obtain crude fractions

12:39 from the crude oil.

12:43 Scentification, another separation techniques, what is centrifugation, is used to separate

12:49 small quantity of a suspension.

12:52 The suspension is a mixture in which small solid particles are suspended in a liquid.

12:58 The suspension is put into a test tube and they will use centrifuge, from centrifugation.

13:04 When it's put inside the test tube, with the help of centrifugation, when it's switched

13:11 on, we spin the test tube but don't forget that the content of the test tube is a suspension.

13:19 That means it has solid parts, it has liquid parts and it can be separated into components.

13:25 When the centrifuge forces, when the centrifuge forces, causes the rotation at high speed.

13:32 After a few minutes, the content, if you remove them, you discover that they are now separated

13:37 into layers.

13:38 They are now separated into layers and can be, you can now apply the contention to separate

13:45 the mixtures.

13:47 The application is in diaries to separate mixtures from cream to make skimmed mixtures.

13:52 Mixtures are denser than cream, they will be separated when they are put into the test tube,

13:56 when the centrifuge is in action.

13:58 And then also to separate blood cells and plasma in the hospital and medical laboratories,

14:04 centrifugation is very important and it's test base with the help of the centrifuge.

14:11 Sealing a method of separating solid of different sizes, use the use of what sieves of different

14:21 match size, whereby the smaller particles that can pass through this mesh size, pass through

14:27 it, leaving the bigger particles that can not pass through the size of the mesh, therefore

14:32 remain on top of the sieve.

14:35 The application is for separating mixtures from other sediments by minus and also for

14:42 separating gari particles from the sharp.

14:44 Apart from this anyway, you can also use for separating, just means maybe your rice and

14:50 beans, you know the beans is bigger than the rice, then you can obtain the rice.

14:54 It also depends on the mesh size like I said, the mesh size determines what goes in there.

14:59 So we have defined kind of mesh size, different solid can be separated, just by the virtue of

15:03 your mesh size of the sieve, sublimation, sublimation, some substances when heated, even when

15:14 they are not even heated, some of them are not heated, they certainly move from their

15:17 solid state to gaseous state, jumping or not passing through the liquid state.

15:24 If you have any materials, any substance like that, the best way to separate things is by

15:29 applying water, sublimation.

15:31 So, sometimes like ammonium chloride, naphthalene, iodine, and sometimes you can't

15:35 fall.

15:36 They will change the energy from solid to gas when heated.

15:39 If you have some sort of substance in a mixture, how to obtain them is simply by water, sublimation.

15:45 The phenomena is cold water, sublimation, substances with sublimation can be separated from

15:49 all that substances by applying it to the mixture.

15:52 If you apply it, you will obtain those sublimations that we said ammonium-right naphthalene, iodine,

15:58 can't fall and the lies.

16:03 Pressification.

16:04 The next separation takes things.

16:06 This method uses the proponent of difference in solubility of solid in different miscible

16:11 liquid.

16:12 To precipitate the solid, we obtain the solid by a fashion of their difference in their

16:17 solubility in different miscible liquid.

16:20 It is done by adding a solvent to an acyl solution of the softness.

16:25 For example, I on 2/6 FESO4 is solubility in water, but in solubility in ethanol.

16:32 If it is solubility in water and is in solubility in ethanol, the best way to obtain it is by

16:38 precipitation.

16:39 Just add a ethanol to an acyl solution of this, because it is the pure solution of FESO4,

16:48 then it causes the pure solid of FESO4 to be formed.

16:55 If it is only dissipated, then after precipitation by water, precipitation, then if I agree

17:01 of impurities needed, it can't be water, only crystallized.

17:06 Pressification will be followed by water, precipitation, and then followed by water, only crystallization,

17:11 if needed.

17:15 Alternative precipitation can be carried out by missing two different solutions, which

17:18 react to produce one solubil substance and a new solubil compound called the precipitate.

17:24 In this reaction of sodium chloride plus C-vat-thousen nitrate-5, the products are water, C-vat-thousen nitrate-5.

17:35 Sodium-thousen nitrate-5 is solubil.

17:38 Sodium chloride is solubil, means it is another solubil solution to obtain a precipitate and

17:44 then a solubil compound also of sodium-thousen nitrate-5.

17:48 You can see the state here, acous, acous, this is solid, and this is another acous solution.

17:57 Solid tells you that it does the precipitate, I imagine missing two solubil softness to obtain

18:03 two solubil liquid softness to obtain a solid, I mean a solid called precipitate.

18:12 The next separation technique is crystallization.

18:16 The method you cannot obtain by evaporation to dryness, certainly will be obtained by crystallization.

18:26 Thoughts that are not decomposed easily on it's end, whereby if you eat them, they will decompose

18:35 then you apply crystallization that does not involve it's end.

18:38 So this method is to separate solubil with decomposed easily on it's end from their solution.

18:43 It is also used when the impurities of the softness is insoluble in a solubil softness.

18:49 In a solubil softness, I'll take that again.

18:51 It is also used when the impurities of the softness is insoluble in a sweetable solvent.

19:00 The impurities we then dissolve in a sweetable solvent leaving the impurity as an insoluble

19:06 residue.

19:07 When the solution is fitted and the fitet is heated to drive it with some of the solvent

19:12 onto the solution becomes saturated, it is safe explanatory.

19:17 When the saturated solution is cooled, the crystal of the solubil will begin to form.

19:23 When you cool the solution, the surface of the solubil will be obtained.

19:26 Then the crystals of the solubil will begin to be forming and then the soft crystal can

19:30 be obtained by this process and most of the time is usually pure and it contains what

19:35 type of crystallization, that's what we call it crystallization.

19:39 Because of the presence of the water crystallization, like this, like this is an example for us in a

19:45 copper tube that also fits six pentahydids, the pentahydids means five water that represents

19:54 the water of crystallization.

19:56 Also, we have ion two that also fits six ethydride, seven water, ethydride, seven water, they

20:03 form on the USO4.5 water, pentahydids means five water, this one, seven water and many

20:11 of it like that.

20:13 The application is for manufacturing products like sugar and drugs because they are needed

20:19 at eye degree of purity and most of the products, most of the sorts gotten from here are usually

20:25 very pure.

20:29 They may be like distillation, we have crystallization and with having is also is also fractional crystallization.

20:40 In fractional crystallization, there are more than one sort or solute to be separated.

20:47 If more than one sort is to be separated, then you apply fractional crystallization.

20:51 The presence based on difference in the solubil is solute in the solvent as we saw in crystallization.

20:58 The solute with low solubility will come out fast in this one as crystals, then it fits

21:03 that off remaining solution will then also be obtained later on.

21:08 This method can be used to separate emission of potassium transenerate 5 and sodium chloride.

21:13 Potassium carbonate 5 is KNO3 and sodium chloride is NECL, your sodium chloride is your salt.

21:21 In NECL, separation techniques is very common is separation, separating phonyl, the use of

21:27 separating phonyl to separate, component of liquid, liquid means you are a miserable

21:32 liquid, a miserable liquid, sorry, like petrol and water whereby you mix the liquid together

21:38 and they do want to just mix.

21:40 How can you separate them?

21:42 You can use separating phonyl.

21:44 Use a petrol or more liquid, which cannot mix together to form a single liquid.

21:49 You matter even if you shake them very well, you will see separate.

21:52 If you mix your water and your petrol together, you will discover that they will never form

21:58 a homogeneous mixture, they will never form a miserable liquid.

22:03 So because of those properties, enable us to be able to use separating phonyl.

22:08 The emission is formed into a separating phonyl where it separates into two or more distinctly.

22:13 Depending on how many liquid you are mixing together, according to their densities of

22:18 their component, with the densest liquid at the bottom, with water and petrol, water will

22:23 certainly be at the bottom because water is denser than petrol and petrol will be at the

22:27 top.

22:28 Then you can tap out your water because it's down, leaving your petrol off.

22:36 When the tap is up, the densest layer is tapped off, leaving you off a less dense liquid

22:42 in the phonyl.

22:43 This process, we are able to separate the petrol with that, we will use the tap of the

22:48 every liquid and then leaving the lighter one.

22:51 The process continues on the all the liquids, if they are more than two, until they are separated

22:56 and like I said, the metal can be used to separate the emission of petrol and water, chromatography,

23:04 chromatography.

23:05 The metal is used for separating the constituents of a mixture based on the difference in the

23:10 rate of movement of the components in the solvent over an adsorbent medium.

23:16 Very common questions, very common method, I mean, many, many common questions being asked

23:23 in external exam, VGC B2A, chromatography, tape load off, what tape load off, there are

23:30 difference in the rate of movement of the constituents in the solvent over an adsorbent

23:36 medium.

23:37 The rate of movement depends on the relative affinity of the constituents for that adsorbent

23:43 and for the solvent.

23:46 Solute that a weekly adsorbent medium or a weekly soluble in the solvent, move up to the

23:53 adsorbent medium at the faster rates than the other, don't forget, the essence of applied

23:58 chromatography is based on the rate of movement, one will move faster, one will move slower,

24:03 so you can obtain the one faster phase and then the slowout will be obtained later, types

24:10 of chromatography, paper chromatography, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, gas

24:16 chromatography, and a yarn exchange chromatography, the commonest of them and the cheapest of them

24:21 is the paper chromatography, the meso feedback paper as they adsorbent medium and then the

24:26 solvent usually a methanol, etanol, chloruform, etsyl etanol, ethyl-acose phenol, then the separation

24:33 of the meso as the surface of the filter paper is called chromatogram, where do we apply this?

24:39 We apply it in the separation of dyes in colloid ink and then analysis of blood and urine samples

24:45 in medical lab.

24:46 Then you also is, or in the identification of the component of petroleum in the industry, the

24:51 metal is also used for separating the meso that is largely dependent on the fiscal properties,

24:55 or the softness.

24:58 The next soft topic is what are pure softness, what are in pure softness, and in pure softness

25:04 is the initial of pure softness and impurity.

25:07 And in pure softness is the initial level of pure softness and impurity, is the impurity

25:12 that is present in the pure softness that make it to become an impure softness, get that

25:16 clay, it's very simple.

25:18 The following are the difference between pure and in pure softness, pure softness melt

25:22 and boil at the fixed temperature.

25:24 Why in pure softness are very temperature that reach the boils, or at which the melt.

25:30 So to actually determine whether it's pure or not, you can determine that by virtue of

25:34 the melting and boiling point.

25:37 So impurities we do with melting point, which we know at the melting point and then increase

25:41 the boiling point or liquid.

25:44 In pure softness also give a single spot on the paper chromatography, on the paper chromatogram,

25:50 but in pure softness we give more than one spot.

25:53 That's another way of separating, of knowing that the softness is pure or impure.

25:58 In pure softness are specific density, but in pure softness those notes are, I hope you

26:03 have technique or the difference between pure and in pure softness.

26:08 And then we know in that differences you can be able to test for purity, what can you

26:13 do to test for purity.

26:14 I have actually mentioned it, you can test for purity by the virtue of the melting and

26:19 boiling point.

26:20 A person with actually about a fixed boiling point, a specific boiling point and melting

26:25 point.

26:26 And then you have a single spot on the paper chromatography, on the paper chromatogram.

26:30 And then it's also have a specific density with all these, you can you can then test for purity.

26:38 After knowing all these separations techniques, you need to be evaluated.

26:44 The next is assignment.

26:47 The first assignment is draw and rebuild the laboratory set, required in each of the topics,

26:56 in each of the standard separations techniques that we mentioned.

26:59 Some of them require that you draw so that you cannot understand the very way you have

27:03 to do that.

27:04 For me, then the next is you describe how you will separate a mixture of these, carousine

27:10 and water.

27:11 What's the pressure techniques I going to use?

27:14 So does Anson.

27:15 What's the pressure techniques I going to use?

27:17 So don't create a monoclarite and silicon forozyme.

27:21 By in all these compounds, you should know the separations techniques to use.

27:27 The next question is least any five separations techniques, which are based on solubility.

27:33 In the course of teaching you, in some of the separations techniques, I mentioned solubility

27:37 in some of them, that would appeal to answer this question.

27:42 The next question is how will you test for the purity of water?

27:45 Is that the factors to consider to test for purity?

27:49 The next one is name three pieces of apparatus needed for each of the following.

27:54 If I want to carry out filtration, what apparatus will I need?

27:58 If I want to carry out the evaporation, what, mention three apparatus that you will need.

28:03 If I want to carry out, if I want to carry out distillation, what are the apparatus that

28:06 you need?

28:07 I believe the experiment is simple and you are good to go with them.

28:14 The last question is state the differences between simple distillation and fractional distillation.

28:23 Thank you for watching.

28:25 I am Adikunli, till next time.